1. Introduction. 2. Preparation of Semen for Morphological Examination. 3. Normal Bovine Spermatogenesis and Sperm Maturation. 4. Photomicrographic Features of Bovine Sperm Cell Abnormalities. 5. Defects of the Sperm Head. 6. Mechanisms of Development of Sperm Tail Defects. 7. Defects of the Sperm Tail. 8. Evaluation of the Spermiogram. Index.
