Mobile Communication Systems for Private Networks

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxxv

Introduction xxvii

Part I Laying the Foundation 1

I.1 LTE Fundamentals 3

I.1.1 Introduction 3

I.1.2 LTE Network Architecture 4

I.1.3 LTE Identifiers 5

I.1.4 Broadcast Signals/Messages and Cell Selection 9

I.1.5 What Happens When a UE Is Switched On? 10

I.1.6 LTE Resource Grid 15

I.1.7 RACH Procedure 15

I.1.8 RRC Connection Setup 15

I.1.9 Non- access Stratum Procedures 15

I.1.10 DL Packet Transmission 27

I.1.11 UL Packet Transmission 33

I.1.12 Encryption 35

I.1.13 Channel Estimation 37

I.1.14 Layer 2 Protocols 38

I.1.15 Cell Reselection 47

I.1.16 Connected Mode Mobility 53

I.1.17 Timing Advance 55

I.1.18 Summary 58

Reference 59

Part I.2 NR Fundamentals 61

I.2.1 5G NR Fundamentals 63

I.2.1.1 5G NR Introduction 63

I.2.1.2 Channel Bandwidth 66

I.2.1.3 NR Network Architecture 69

I.2.1.4 RAN Evolution 74

I.2.1.5 Summary 92

References 92

I.2.2 NR Physical Layer 93

I.2.2.1 Introduction 93

I.2.2.2 Physical Channels and Reference Signals 93

I.2.2.3 NR UE Acquisition 97

I.2.2.4 Control Resource Set 100

I.2.2.5 NR UE Scheduling 105

I.2.2.6 NR PUCCH Operations 106

I.2.2.7 NR MIMO Operations 111

I.2.2.8 NR Power Control 112

I.2.2.9 Summary 114

Reference 114

I.2.3 Beamforming and Massive MIMO 115

I.2.3.1 Introduction 115

I.2.3.2 Beamforming - Spatial Diversity 116

I.2.3.3 Beam Management 119

I.2.3.4 Massive MIMO, Operation in UL and dl 119

I.2.3.5 Summary 126

Further Reading 127

I.2.4 NR Millimeter Wave 129

I.2.4.1 mmWave Introduction 129

I.2.4.2 Mitigative Techniques to Operate with mmWave 130

I.2.4.3 Summary 132

References 132

I.2.5 NR Unlicensed 135

I.2.5.1 Introduction 135

I.2.5.2 Techniques Introduced in 3GPP to Aid NR- U 137

I.2.5.3 Summary 143

References 143

I.2.6 NR Mobility 145

I.2.6.1 Introduction 145

I.2.6.2 Connected Mode Mobility - NSA Option 3 Family 152

I.2.6.3 Summary 153

References 153

I.2.7 NR Protocols 157

I.2.7.1 Introduction 157

I.2.7.2 NSA Option 3 Mode of Operation 158

I.2.7.3 5G NR RRC States: SA Option 2 159

I.2.7.4 PDCP Duplication 159

I.2.7.5 SDAP Layer 161

I.2.7.6 PDCP Functions 163

I.2.7.7 RLC Functions 163

I.2.7.8 MAC Layer 164

I.2.7.9 Summary 167

References 167

I.3 Standards 171

I.3.1 3gpp 171

I.3.2 WinnForum Specifications for Shared Spectrum Usage 172

I.3.3 OnGo Alliance 176

I.3.4 Small Cell Forum 178

I.3.5 GSMA 178

I.3.6 5G ACIA 182

I.3.7 O- RAN Alliance 183

I.3.8 National Spectrum Consortium 185

I.3.9 Summary 185

References 186

Part II Technological Framework 187

Part II.1 Radio Access Network Aspects 189

II.1.1 Global Private Spectrum Allocations 191

II.1.1.1 Introduction 191

Ii.1.1.2 Pathss 196

Ii.1.1.3 Summary 197

References 197

II.1.2 CBRS Fundamentals 199

II.1.2.1 Concept of Shared Spectrum 199

II.1.2.2 CBRS Overview 201

II.1.2.3 CBRS Spectrum 203

II.1.2.4 CBRS User Categories 205

II.1.2.5 PAL Channel Allocation 207

II.1.2.6 Secondary Market 207

II.1.2.7 CBRS Architecture 208

II.1.2.8 Environmental Sensing Capability 211

II.1.2.9 Domain Proxy 211

II.1.2.10 Citizens Broadband Radio Service Device (CBSD) - eNB/gNB 211

II.1.2.11 CBRS Identifiers 213

II.1.2.12 CBSD Interactions with the SAS 217

II.1.2.13 User Equipment 218

II.1.2.14 Summary 219

References 219

II.1.3 RAN Scheduler 221

II.1.3.1 Introduction 221

II.1.3.2 Background 221

II.1.3.3 Typical Goals of a RAN Scheduler 222

II.1.3.4 Scheduler Configurations 223

II.1.3.5 Per Flow Input Parameters 225

II.1.3.6 UE Scheduler Fairness Time- Period Window 225

II.1.3.7 Fairness Factor 225

II.1.3.8 CQI Bias (W CQI) 226

II.1.3.9 Packet Delay Budget Weight (W PDB) 227

II.1.3.10 Per Flow Instantaneous Scheduling Priority 227

II.1.3.11 PFS Implementation 228

II.1.3.12 Summary 231

Further Reading 231

II.1.4 RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 233

II.1.4.1 Introduction 233

II.1.4.2 AI/ML for 5G in 3GPP 235

II.1.4.3 RIC High- Level Architecture 237

II.1.4.4 RIC Architecture 237

II.1.4.5 A1 and E2 Compliance 247

II.1.4.6 Integration with NWDAF 248

II.1.4.7 Summary 250

References 250

II.1. 5 Enterprise RAN Slice 253

II.1.5.1 Introduction 253

II.1.5.2 MNO Users Obtaining Resources from NHN Deployments 257

II.1.5.3 Enterprise Slice RAN Resource Management Concept Proposal for PNI- NPN 265

II.1.5.4 Summary 271

References 272

II.1.6 Self- organizing Networks (SON) 273

II.1.6.1 Graph Theory Application for Self- Organizing Networks 273

II.1.6.2 SON Algorithm Definition 278

II.1.6.3 SAS Functions 280

II.1.6.4 Summary 293

References 293

II.1.7 Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) Techniques 295

II.1.7.1 Introduction 295

II.1.7.2 Introduction of ICIC Features 295

II.1.7.3 Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) 298

II.1.7.4 FFR for CBRS 305

Ii.1.7.5 Proposal for Implementation FFR 307

Ii.1.7.6 Summary 309

References 310

Part II.2 Cellular Core Network 311

II.2.1 Converged Core 313

II.2.1.1 Introduction 313

II.2.1.2 LTE and NR End- to- End Architecture 314

II.2.1.3 LTE and NR Evolution Toward a Converged Core 320

II.2.1.4 Converged Core EPC to 5GC 341

II.2.1.5 Summary 347

References 351

II.2.2 Network Interfaces 353

II.2.2.1 Introduction 353

II2.2.2 LTE Network Interfaces 353

II.2.2.3 5G Protocol Stack 360

II.2.2.4 Summary 364

References 364

II.2.3 Security 367

II.2.3.1 Introduction 367

II.2.3.2 Zero Trust 368

II.2.3.3 Security Aspects of 4G/5G Networks 370

II.2.3.4 Mobile Security and Network Access Control 376

II.2.3.5 4G and 5G Authentication Summary View 381

II.2.3.6 4G/5G and Wi- Fi Security Comparisons 382

II.2.3.7 Summary 384

Further Reading 384

II.2. 4 Network Slices 387

II.2.4.1 Introduction 387

II.2.4.2 QoS Handling in LTE and NR 388

II.2.4.3 NR Slices 400

II.2.4.4 UE Slice Setup/Mobility Call Flow 405

II.2.4.5 NR Slices 407

II.2.4.6 LTE Slices 407

II.2.4.7 RAN Slice Approaches 410

II.2.4.8 Slices E2E 410

II.2.4.9 Enterprise Implementation Implications 412

II.2.4.10 Summary 413

References 413

Part II.3 Neutral Host Networks 417

II.3.1 Neutral Host Network 419

II.3.1.1 Overview 419

II.3.1.2 Comparisons with DAS Solutions 427

II.3.1.3 Enterprise Network as a Neutral Host 429

II.3.1.4 Summary 456

References 457

II.3.2 Admission and Congestion Control 459

II.3.2.1 Introduction 459

II.3.2.2 Summary 462

References 462

II.4 Nonpublic Networks 465

II.4.1 Overview of Nonpublic Networks 465

II.4.2 Stand- Alone Nonpublic Networks 465

II.4.3 Public Network Integrated Nonpublic Networks (PNI- NPN) 470

II.4.4 Summary 474

References 475

II.5 Device Provisioning 477

II.5.1 Introduction 477

II.5.2 Credential Provisioning Framework 478

II.5.3 Credential Distribution Process 479

II.5.4 SIM Provisioning Models 481

II.5.5 Summary 483

References 483

Part III Enterprise Applications 485

III.1 Part III: Enterprise Applications 487

III.2 IIoT Protocols 489

III.2.1 Introduction 489

III.2.2 Industrial IoT (IIoT) Communication Protocols 489

III.2.3 Profinet 492

III.2.4 OPC UA 505

III.2.5 TSN 509

III.2.6 DetNet 512

III.2.7 Summary 515

III.3 IIoT with DetNet and TSN 517

III.3.1 Introduction 517

III.3.2 Integration of IIoT with 5G System 523

III.3.3 5G Features for TSN, TSCTSF, DetNet 525

III.3.4 Summary 527

References 527

III.4 Private Network Verticals 529

III.4.1 Ad Hoc Networks 529

III.4.2 Big Box Retail 531

III.4.3 Campus Emergencies 533

III.4.4 Collaborating Organizations 535

III.4.5 Conference Centers 538

III.4.6 Educational Institutions 540

III.4.7 Offices 545

III.4.8 Ports 546

III.4.9 Warehouse 548

III.4.10 Summary 550

Looking Ahead 551

Acronyms 563

Index 573