Rice

Section I Establishment of Tissue Cultures, Somatic Embryogenesis, Plant Regeneration, and Ultrastructural Studies.- I.1 Biotechnology in Rice Improvement.- 1 General Account.- 2 In Vitro Culture Studies.- 3 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- I.2 Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Establishment of Callus Cultures and the Regeneration of Plants.- 1 General Account.- 2 Suspension Culture.- 3 Protoplast Culture and Plant Regeneration.- 4 Protocol.- 5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- I.3 Regeneration of Rice Plants from Suspension Cultures.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Establishment of Root Callus.- 3 Induction and Maintenance of Cell Suspension Cultures.- 4 Plant Regeneration from Suspension Cultures.- 5 Genotypic Variability for Plant Regeneration.- 6 Protocol.- 7 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- I.4 Enhancement of Regeneration in Rice Tissue Cultures by Water and Salt Stress.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Plant Regeneration from Callus Cultures.- 3 Plant Regeneration from Cell Suspension Cultures.- 4 Growth, Water Content, and Proline Accumulation of Callus.- 5 Changes in Polypeptide Patterns in Callus During Stress Treatment.- 6 Discussion and Conclusion.- References.- I.5 Early Events in Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis in Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Rice Zygotic Embryogenesis.- 3 Rice Somatic Embryogenesis.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- I.6 Endosperm Culture and the Regeneration of Triploid Rice Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture of Endosperm.- 3 Summary.- References.- I.7 Ultrastructural Aspects of Rice Scutellum as Related to Seminal Root Cultures.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Scutellar Epithelium.- 3 Root Culture System.- 4 Ultrastructural Analysis of Scutellar Epithelium.- 5 Multifunctional Nature.- 6 Conclusion.- References.- Section II Hybridization, Embryo Culture, Hybrid Rice.- II.1 Embryo Culture for Wide Hybridization in Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Genus Oryza.- 3 Seed and Embryo Differentiation.- 4 Embryo Culture.- 5 Other Applications of In Vitro Culture.- 6 Summary and Conclusion.- References.- II.2 Improvement of Tongil-Type Rice Cultivars from Indica/Japonica Hybridization in Korea.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Breeding Procedure of Tongil and Tongil-Type Cultivars.- 3 Conclusions.- References.- II.3 Genetics of Hybrid Sterility in Wide Hybridization in Rice (Oryza sativa L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Methods of Investigation.- 3 Evidence of Allelic Interaction for Semi-Sterility in Wide Crosses.- 4 Application of Wide-Compatibility Gene to Hybrid Rice Breeding.- 5 Conclusion.- References.- II.4 Hybrid Rice in China - Techniques and Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Heterosis in Rice.- 3 Concept of Three Lines.- 4 Principles and Procedures of Hybrid Rice Breeding.- 5 Breeding for CMS Lines and Their Maintainers.- 6 Breeding for Restorer Lines.- 7 Selection of Parents for Superior Hybrid Combinations.- 8 Hybrid Seed Production.- 9 Future Outlook.- References.- Section III Anther Culture, Haploid Production, and Release of Cultivars.- III.1 Anther Culture for Rice Improvement in China.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Anther and Pollen Culture.- 3 Uses of Pollen Plants in Rice Breeding.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- III.2 In Vitro Production of Haploids in Rice Through Ovary Culture.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Culture Techniques.- 3 Factors Affecting Induction of Haploids.- 4 Embryological Studies.- 5 Characteristics of Regenerated Plants.- 6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- III.3 Factors Affecting Androgenesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Induction for Sporophytic Development.- 3 Culture Media.- 4 Culture Conditions.- 5 Developmental Stage of Pollen.- 6 Genotype of Donor Plants.- 7 Physiological State of Donor Plants.- 8 Anther Wall.- 9 Differentiation of Callus.- 10 Albinism.- 11 Conclusions.- References.- III.4 Breeding New Rice Strains Through Anther Culture.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Anther Donor.- 3 Media.- 4 Rooting of Plantlets and Transfer to Soil.- 5 Characteristics of New Rice Strains.- 6 Conclusion.- References.- III.5 Huayu 15, a High-Yielding Rice Variety Bred by Anther Culture.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Material and Method.- 3 Results and Discussion.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Section IV Protoplast Isolation, Fusion, Culture, and Field Trials of Regenerated Plants.- IV.1 Isolation, Culture and Fusion of Rice Protoplasts.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Protoplast Isolation from sinica (japonica) Rice Cell Suspension Cultures.- 3 The Culture of sinica (japonica) Rice Protoplasts.- 4 Plant Regeneration from Protoplast-Derived Callus.- 5 Protoplast Fusion.- 6 Conclusion and Prospects.- 7 Protocol for sinica (japonica) Rice Protoplast Regeneration.- References.- IV.2 Field Performance of Protoplast-Derived Rice Plants and the Release of a New Variety.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Plant Regeneration from Protoplast-Derived Callus.- 3 Somaclonal Variation.- 4 Agronomic Traits of Protoplast-Derived Plants (Pt1 Plants).- 5 Field Performance of the First Progeny of the Protoplast-Derived Plants (Pt2 Plants).- 6 Field Performance of the Second Progeny of the Protoplast-Derived Plants (Pt3 Plants).- 7 Development of a New Variety, Hatsuyume, by the Protoplast Breeding Method.- 8 Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- Section V In Vitro Mutation and Somaclonal Variation.- V.1 In Vitro Mutation in Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Mutations in Tissue Cultures.- 3 Prospects for Utilization of Somatic Mutations.- References.- V.2 Rice Mutants Resistant to Amino Acids and Amino Acid Analogs.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Selection for Lysine Overproduction with Aminoethylcysteine (AEC) and Lysine Plus Threonine (LT).- 3 Selection for Tryptophan Overproduction with 5-Methyltryptophan (5MT).- 4 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- V.3 Hydroxy-L-Proline-Resistant Mutants in Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Isolation of Hyp-Resistant Mutants.- 3 Characterization of HYP Mutants.- 4 Characterization of HYP Mutants at Cell Level.- 5 Stress Resistance.- 6 Conclusion.- References.- V.4 Utilization of Somaclonal Variation in Rice Breeding.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Somaclonal Variation in Rice.- 3 Utilization of Somaclones and Crop Improvement.- 4 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- V.5 Male Sterile Mutants from Rice Somaclones.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Types of ms-Mutant and Their Expressions.- 3 Genetics of the ms-Mutant from Somaclones.- 4 Frequency of ms Variations from Somaclones.- 5 Fertile Revertants from Somaclones of ms Plants.- 6 Conclusion and Prospects.- References.- V.6 Somaclonal Variation for Salt Tolerance in Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Review of Previous Work.- 3 Selection.- 4 Concluding Remarks.- References.- V.7 Somaclonal Selection for Tolerance to Streptomycin and Herbicides Through Rice Cell Culture.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Resistance to Streptomycin.- 3 Tolerance to Herbicides.- 4 Somaclonal Selection of Herbicide and Salt Tolerance in Calli.- 5 Expression of Isozyme Genes in Cell Culture.- 6 Conclusion.- References.- V.8 Rice Somaclones Resistant to Xanthomonas Oryzae.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Material and Methods.- 3 Results.- 4 Discussion.- 5 Summary and Conclusion.- References.- Section VI Transformation, Molecular Biology, and Nutritional Improvement.- VI.1 Transformation in Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Transformation in Rice Protoplasts.- 3 Transgenic Rice Plants from Protoplasts.- 4 Other Methods.- 5 Inheritance of Inserted Genes.- 6 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- VI.2 Molecular Analysis of Rice Genes and Methods for Gene Transfer.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Nuclear Genes.- 3 Repetitive DNA.- 4 Mitochondrial Genomes.- 5 Chloroplast Genomes.- 6 Gene Transfer Techniques.- 7 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- VI.3 Plasticity of the Rice Genome: DNA Amplification in Cultured Cells.- 1 DNA Amplification in Higher Plants.- 2 DNA Amplification in Rice.- 3 Cloning of Rice Nuclear DNA in pBR322 and Selection of Highly Repeated Sequences.- 4 Identification of Preserved or Species-Specific Clones.- 5 Highly Repeated DNA Sequences from Rice.- 6 Quantitative Changes of the Cloned Rice DNA Sequences in Seedlings and in Suspension Culture.- 7 Quantitative Variations of the Cloned Sequences in Roots, Leaves, and Suspension Cultured Rice Cells.- 8 Modulation of Repeated DNA in Regenerated Rice Plants.- 9 Discussion.- References.- VI.4 Molecular Structure of Chloroplast DNA from Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Physical Map of Rice Chloroplast DNA.- 3 Cloning of ctDNA Fragments.- 4 Nucleotide Sequence and Expression of Genes for Photosynthesis.- 5 Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Rice ctDNA.- 6 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- VI.5 Molecular Markers in Rice Systematics and the Evaluation of Genetic Resources.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Methods.- 3 The Genetic Structure and Phylogenetic Relationships in Oryza section Oryza.- 4 Mapping of the Rice Genome.- 5 Short-Term Perspectives.- References.- VI.6 Rice Storage Proteins: Genetic Analysis of Accumulation Process.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Biosynthesis and Deposition of Rice Storage Proteins.- 3 Amino Acid Sequence of Rice Storage Proteins.- 4 Polypeptide Sorting for PB Formation in Rice Starchy Endosperm.- 5 Perspectives.- References.- VI.7 Biotechnology in Nutritional Improvement of Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Nutritional Contribution of Rice.- 3 Genetics of Rice Proteins.- 4 Nutritional Considerations in Improvement.- 5 Conventional Methods.- 6 Biotechnological Approaches to Nutritional Improvement.- 7 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- Section VII Conservation of Genetic Resources and Cryopreservation.- VII.1 Conservation and Potentials of Rice Genetic Resources.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Diversity of Rice Genetic Resources and the Expanding Gene Pool.- 3 Ex Situ Conservation.- 4 In Situ Conservation.- 5 Evaluation and Use of Germplasm.- 6 Future Potentials in Rice Germplasm and Related Grasses.- 7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- VII.2 Cryopreservation of Germplasm of Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Cryopreservation of in Vitro Cultures.- 3 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Section VIII Rice Tissue Culture Studies in the USSR, France, and Hungary.- VIII.1 Rice Improvement Through Tissue Culture in the USSR.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Seed and Embryo Culture for Plant Reproduction.- 3 Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration from Somatic Tissue.- 4 Selection of Somaclonal Variants.- 5 In Vitro Selection for Stress Tolerance.- 6 Conclusion.- References.- VIII.2 Rice Somatic Tissue and Anther Cultures: Current Status in France.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Anther Culture and Doubled Haploid Line Production.- 3 Somatic Tissue Cell and Protoplast Culture.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- VIII.3 In Vitro Studies on Rice in Hungary.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Induction of High Morphogenic Haploid (n) and Diploid (2n) Callus.- 3 Factors Affecting Plant Regeneration During Subculture.- 4 Selection for Salt Tolerance.- 5 Tissue-Specific and Ploidy-Dependent Somaclonal Variation.- 6 Summary and Conclusion.- References.