A Manual of Morphometry in Diagnostic Pathology

I: Theoretical Background.- 1 The Case for Morphometry in Diagnostic Pathology.- References.- 2 Diagnosis Making: Error Sources.- 2.1 The Problem.- 2.2 The Diagnosis Making Process.- 2.3 Morphological Facts.- 2.4 Stages in the Analytical Diagnostic Process.- 2.5 Error Sources in Diagnosis Making.- 2.6 Psychological Consequences.- 2.7 Summary.- References.- 3 Obtaining Quantitative Data.- 3.1 Quantitative Microscopy.- 3.2 Measurements in Tissue Sections: the Problem of Dimension Reduction.- 3.3 What is Stereology?.- 3.4 The Scope of Stereology and Planimetry.- 3.5 Counting of Elements - Mitotic Counts.- 3.6 The Historical Lines.- 3.7 Stereology and Morphometry.- 3.8 Scanning (Cyto)photometry.- 3.9 Flow Cyto(photo)metry.- 3.10 Digital Image (Picture) Processing.- References.- 4 Classification of New Cases: Some Aspects of Single and Multivariate Analysis.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Problem of Overlap.- 4.3 Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve.- 4.4 Decision Rules.- 4.5 Decision Trees.- 4.6 Multivariate Analysis.- 4.7 Number of Features and Objects Used in the Analysis.- 4.8 Numerical Classification Probabilities.- 4.9 Non-linear Discriminant Analysis.- 4.10 Objectives of Decision Rules.- 4.11 Summary.- References.- 5 Structural Morphology.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 The Structural Model.- References.- II: Applications of Morphometry in Diagnostic Pathology.- 6 Applications of Morphometry in Tumour Pathology.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Endometrium: Hyperplasia or Carcinoma.- References.- 6.3 Myometrium: Leiomyoma or Leiomyosarcoma.- References.- 6.4 Ovary: Borderline or Malignant Tumour.- References.- 6.5 Cervix: Squamous Cell Changes in Condyloma Acumination and Dysplasia.- References.- 6.6 Cervix: Adenocarcinoma in Situ.- References.- 6.7 Mesothelial Cells: Morphometric Distinction Between Benign and Malignant in Pleural Fluid.- References.- 6.8 Pleural Lesion: Histological Distinction Between Malignant Mesothelioma, Benign Lesion and Carcinoma Metastases by Morphometry.- References.- 6.9 Nasal Mucosa: Morphometry of Metaplastic, Dysplastic, and Carcinomatous Alterations in Nickel Workers.- References.- 6.10 Stomach: The Application of Morphometry in Gastric Cytological Diagnosis.- References.- 6.11 Bladder: Selection of Patients with Papillary T1 Tumours with a Poor Prognosis.- References.- 6.12 Thyroid: Morphometry for the Pre-operative Diagnosis of Follicular Adenoma and Carcinoma.- References.- 6.13 Central Nervous System: Grading of Astrocytomas Using Quantitative Microscopic Features.- References.- 6.14 Bone Tumours.- References.- 6.15 Spleen: Prediction of Spleen Involvement in Hodgkin's Disease.- References.- 6.16 Lymphomas: Morphometric Analysis of Large Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas.- References.- 6.17 Cutaneous Lymphomas: The Importance of Morphometry in the Diagnosis of Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary's Syndrome.- References.- 6.18 Breast Lesions: Morphometry of Cytodiagnosis.- References.- 6.19 Breast Cancer: Correlation of Oestrogen Receptor and Morphometric Features.- References.- 6.20 Breast Cancer: Prediction of the Prognosis.- References.- 7 Applications of Morphometry in Non-tumour Pathology.- 7.1 Small Intestine: Morphometry of Biopsies for the Diagnosis of Food Allergy.- 7.2 Large Bowel: Differential Diagnosis of Inflammatory Diseases with Morphometry and Immunohistochemistry.- References.- 7.3 Pancreas: Island Volume in Diabetics and Controls.- References.- 7.4 Pancreas: Morphometric Evaluation of Cystic Fibrosis.- References.- 7.5 Placenta Morphometry.- References.- 7.6 Testis: Seminiferous Tubule Hypercurvature Syndrome.- References.- 7.7 Testis: Value of Morphometry in Predicting the Prognosis.- References.- 7.8 Kidney Morphometry.- References.- 7.9 Liver Morphometry.- References.- 7.10 Lung: Histomorphometry.- References.- 7.11 Bone Morphometry.- References.- 7.12 Muscle: Morphometric Analysis of Biopsies.- References.- III: Technical Aspects.- Addendum 1: Equipment for Quantitative Microscopy.- A.1.1 Introduction.- A.1.2 Description of Equipment.- A.1.3 Point Counting Equipment.- A.1.4 Graphic Tablets.- A.1.5 More Complicated Systems.- A.1.6 Photometry Microscopes.- A.1.7 TV Scanners.- A.1.8 Flow Cytophotometry.- Addendum 2: Practical Morphometry.- A.2.1 Stereology.- A.2.1.1 Introduction.- A.2.1.2 How Many Points Should be Counted?.- A.2.1.3 Optimizing the Efficiency of Point Counting.- A.2.2 Planimetry with a Graphic Tablet.- A.2.3 Morphometry of the Endometrium.- A.2.4 Morphometry of the Ovary.- A.2.5 Morphometry of the Nasal Mucosa.- A.2.6 Morphometry of the Thyroid.- A.2.7 Morphometry of the Spleen.- A.2.8 Morphometry of Large Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas.- A.2.9 Morphometry of Breast Cancer.- A.2.9.1 Cytology.- A.2.9.2 Histology.- A.2.10 Morphometry of the Small Intestine.- A.2.11 Morphometry of the Large Intestine.- A.2.12 Morphometry of the Pancreas.- A.2.13 Morphometry of the Placenta.- A.2.13.1 Material.- A.2.13.2 Techniques.- A.2.14 Morphometry of the Testis.- A.2.15 Morphometry of the Kidney.- A.2.16 Morphometry of the Liver.- A.2.16.1 Ultrastructural Liver Morphometry.- A.2.16.2 Morphometry in Fulminant Livercell Insufficiency.- A.2.16.3 Morphometry of Chronic Persistent Hepatitis.- A.2.17 Practice of Morphometry of the Whole Lung.- A.2.18 Bone Morphometry.- References.- Addendum 3: Test Grids.- Addendum 4: Glossary.- Addendum 5: Recommended Books and Journals; Companies for Image Analysis Equipment.- Author Index.