Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
Table of Contents
I. Foundations
1. Introduction: On the Comparative Politics of Migration
1.1 Research Question/s
1.2 Research Design
1.2.1 On Research Strategy: Comparative-Historical Analysis and the Identification of Critical Junctures
1.2.2 On Units of Analysis: States and Politics
1.2.3 On the Case for my Cases: The Selection of Major Immigration Countries
1.3 Structure and Line of Approach
2. Understanding Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration: Theories and Conceptualizations of Core Concepts
2.1 On Immigration Politics
2.1.1 An Overview of Migration Theory
2.1.2 Theories on Immigration and the State
2.1.3 Conceptualizing Immigration Politics
2.2 On Citizenship Politics
2.2.1 An Overview of Citizenship Theory
2.2.2 Theories on Citizenship and the State
2.2.3 Conceptualizing Citizenship Politics
2.3 On Integration Politics
2.3.1 An Overview of Social Cohesion and Integration Theories
2.3.2 Theories on Immigrant Integration and the State
2.3.3 Conceptualizing Integration Politics
2.4 The Nexus between Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics
2.4.1 Conceptualizing the Nexus between Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics
2.4.2 The Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Nexus as an Analytical Tool in Comparative-Historical Research
3. Methodology: On Comparison, Comparative-Historical Analysis, and Expert Interviews
3.1 Research Approach: On Comparison in Political Science and Migration Research
3.1.1 Why we compare: On Comparative Logics and Epistemic Tensions
3.1.2 How we compare: On the Selection of Cases and Comparative Strategies
3.1.3 'Bringing the State back in': On the State as a Unit of Analysis in Migration Research
3.2 Comparative-Historical Analysis: Situating this Project within the Research Paradigm ..61
3.2.1 What is Comparative-Historical Analysis?
3.2.2 Time in Comparative-Historical Analysis: Taking History Seriously
3.2.3 The Application of Comparative-Historical Analysis in this Research Project: Critical Junctures
3.3 Empirical Analysis: Secondary Literature Analysis and Expert Interviews
3.3.1 Secondary Literature Analysis
3.3.2 Expert Interviews: On the Use of Narrative Accounts for this Research Project
3.3.2.1 Why Expert Interviews?
3.3.3.2 Constructing Expert Interviews: Operationalization, Pre-testing, and Ethical Considerations
3.3.3.3 Conducting Expert Interviews: Sampling, Interview Observations, Transcription, and Coding
3.4 Interim Conclusion: CHA, Critical Junctures, and Expert Interviews
4. State of the Art: Contributions and Gaps in Comparative Migration Research on Canada, France, and Germany
4.1 An Overview of Migration History and Politics
4.1.1 Historical Phases of Global Migration Movements
4.1.2 Statistical Data on Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany
4.2 Comparative Analyses of Migration Politics
4.2.1 Typologies, Categorizations, and Indices of the Country Cases based on their Migration Politics
4.2.2 Research in Comparative-Historical Analysis on Migration Politics
4.3 Interim Conclusion: Contributions and Gaps in the Literature
II. Analysis: The Migration Politics Nexus in Canada, France, and Germany, 1945-2020
5. Manifesting Unity, Belonging, and Exclusion: Migration Politics in the Postwar Years
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Canada - Becoming Canadian, 1945-1952
5.2.1 Pre-History: Creating white European Canada
5.2.2 Manifesting a new Canadian Self-Conception through Citizenship
5.2.3 Canada becomes Canadian
5.3 France - Making a Comeback, 1945-1950
5.3.1 Pre-History: Demographic Struggles and the Establishment of Europe's Oldest Immigration Country
5.3.2 The Return of a Durable Immigration Country, 1945-1950
5.3.3 Colonial Entanglements in Postwar Immigration and Citizenship Politics
5.3.4 Postwar French Integration Politics and the Question of Demographic Preference
5.3.5 Framing 1945-1950 as a Critical Juncture in French Migration Politics
5.4 Germany - Establishing a Co-Ethnic Immigration Country, 1948-1953
5.4.1 Pre-History: German Historical Resistance to Diversification
5.4.2 The 'Multiple Meanings' of 1945
5.4.3 'A new "Us"'? Citizenship and Integration Politics in the Newly Established Germany
5.4.4 Framing the postwar Critical Juncture for German Migration Politics, 1945-1953
5.5 Interim Conclusion: The Migration Politics Nexus in the Postwar Era
6. 'Who are we? Who do we want to be?': Mid- to late 20th Century Migration Politics Canada, France, and Germany
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Canada - Paradigmatic Transitions to Establish Cohesive Migration Politics, 1962-1988
6.2.1 No more race, no more religion, 1952-1962
6.2.2 The Emergence of the Points System and Multiculturalism as a State Doctrine, 1963- 1988
6.2.3 Understanding the shifting Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics Nexus, 1967-1982
6.3 France - From 'Open Door' to Zero Immigration, 1981-1988
6.3.1 Migration Politics and Colonial Entanglements, 1953-1973
6.3.2 Migration Politics in Turmoil, 1974-1980
6.3.3 The Politicization of French Migration Politics, 1981-1988
6.3.4 The Foundational Years: Making Sense of French Immigration, Citizenship, and Integration Politics, 1981-1988
6.4 Germany - The Transformational Decade, 1989-2000
6.4.1 Becoming a 'de-facto immigration country', 1955-1988
6.4.2 'A painful process of acknowledgment': Migration Politics in Post-Unification Germany, 1989-2000
6.4.3 The Legacy of Post-Unification Migration Politics, 2001-2005
6.4.4 Learning from the Migration Politics of the Post-Unification Decade
6.5 Interim Conclusion: The Migration Politics Nexus in the mid- to late 20th Century
7. Moving forward, Remaining the Same: Migration Politics in Canada, France, and Germany in the New Millennium
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Canada - The Harper Years challenge the Status Quo, 2006-2015
7.2.1 Migration Politics in the 1990s and early 2000s
7.2.2 'A rude awakening' - The Harper Years, 2006-2015
7.2.3 Migration Politics Take Centre Stage - The 2015 Election Campaign
7.2.4 The Harper Effect on the Migration Politics Nexus, 2015-2020
7.3 France - 'Plus ça change?' Migration Politics in the Sarkozy Era, 2002-2012
7.3.1 Migration Politics under Conservative Reign, 1995-2004
7.3.2 'A past that does not pass.' - 2005
7.3.3 After 2005 - Sarkozy, the 'pyromaniac' of migration politics?
7.3.4 Whither a Sarkozyist Approach? - Migration Politics in France, 2012-2020
7.4 Germany - Becoming the Most Important European Immigration Country, 2006-2020
7.4.1 How to be an Immigration Country - Institutionalizing Migration Politics, 2006-2014
7.4.2 'Germany, of all countries' - 2015
7.4.3 Normalizing Migration Politics, 2006-2020
7.5 Interim Conclusion: The Migration Politics Nexus in the New Millennium
III. Comparative Results
8. Comparison across Time and Cases: Critical Junctures and the Migration Politics Nexus
8.1 Critical Junctures and Migration Politics
8.1.1 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in Canada
8.1.2 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in France
8.1.3 Critical Junctures for the Migration Politics Nexus in Germany
8.1.4 Methodological Insights for Critical Junctures from this Research Project
8.2 Comparative Insights on Canada, France, and Germany by Period
8.2.1 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus before the end of World War II
8.2.2 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the Postwar Years
8.2.3 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the mid- to late 20th Century
8.2.4 Comparing the Migration Politics Nexus in the early 21st Century
8.3 Interactive Dynamics in the Migration Politics Nexus
9. Conclusion - The Future of the Migration Politics Nexus
9.1 Looking Back: Central Arguments, Research Design, and Challenges
9.2 Central Research Question: Answers and Main Insights
9.3 Looking Forward
References
Appendix
