The original premise of the Editors in initiating this series was that there existed a readership ofneurochemists with considerable biochemical back- ground who would make use of a series dedicated to both new develop- ments and specialized reviews in neurochemistry. Having selected our authors, we have offered them virtually complete freedom to reflect and speculate in a field in which they have achieved prominence. The response to the first two volumes has been rewarding. The present one continues in this tradition. While we have not attempted to publish specialized volumes, the present volume contains two somewhat related chapters (Chapters 4 and 5, on the role of amino acid neurotransmitters). The first three chapters examine three diverse approaches, each of current interest, in neurochemi- cal approaches to the molecular bases of neuronal and glial structure. B. W. Agranoff M. H. Aprison vii CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 2',3'-CYCUC NUCLEOTIDE 3'-PHOSPHODIESTERASE NEIL RAYMOND SIMS AND PATRICK ROBERT CARNEGIE 1. Introduction...1 2. Assay of CNPase ...3 2. 1. Need for Activation...3 2. 2. Comparison of Assays ...3 3. Association of CNPase with Myelin ...7 3. 1. Historical...7 3. 2.
Subcellular Fractionation...8 3. 3. Development...8 3. 4. Mutant Mice ...9 3. 5. Use as a Myelin Marker ...10 3. 6. Myelin-Related Fractions and Peripheral Nerve Myelin. 11 4. CNPase in Nonmyelin Fractions...13 5. Activation and Isolation...13 5. 1. Introduction...13 5. 2. Activation...14 5. 3. Solubilization and Fractionation...15 6. Properties...19 6. 1. Substrate Specificity...
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Springer Science+Business Media
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27 black & white illustrations, biography
ISBN-13
978-0-306-39223-8 (9780306392238)
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Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 2?,3?-Cyclic Nucleotide 3?-Phosphodiesterase.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Assay of CNPase.- 2.1. Need for Activation.- 2.2. Comparison of Assays.- 3. Association of CNPase with Myelin.- 3.1. Historical.- 3.2. Subcellular Fractionation.- 3.3. Development.- 3.4. Mutant Mice.- 3.5. Use as a Myelin Marker.- 3.6. Myelin-Related Fractions and Peripheral Nerve Myelin.- 4. CNPase in Nonmyelin Fractions.- 5. Activation and Isolation.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Activation.- 5.3. Solubilization and Fractionation.- 6. Properties.- 6.1. Substrate Specificity.- 6.2. Inhibition.- 6.3. Optima.- 6.4. Comparison with Other Myelin Proteins.- 6.5. Comparison with Other Nucleases.- 6.6. Antibody.- 7. CNPase in Pathological Conditions.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Genetic Abnormalities.- 7.3. Chemical Treatments.- 7.4. Conditions Affecting Development.- 7.5. Demyelinating Diseases.- 7.6. Tumors and Cultured Cells.- 8. Conclusions and Speculations.- 9. References.- 2 Immunohistochemistry of Nervous System-Specific Antigens.- 1. Introduction.- 2 Immunofluorescent Markers.- 3. Heavy Metal Markers.- 4. Enzyme Markers.- 4.1. General.- 4.2. Horseradish Peroxidase-Antibody Markers.- 4.3. Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase Marker.- 5. Multiple Antigen Localization.- 6. Tissue Preparation.- 7. Immunohistologic Controls.- 8. General Immunohistochemical Application.- 9. Nervous System Antigens.- 9.1. N-Acetyl Serotonin.- 9.2. Cyclic Adenosine 3?,5?-Monophosphate.- 9.3. Posterior Pituitary Hormones and Hypothalamic Regulatory Factors.- 9.4. Anterior Pituitary Hormone Regulating Factors.- 9.5. Catecholamine Synthesizing Enzymes.- 9.6. Tryptophan Hydroxylase.- 9.7. Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase.- 9.8. Choline O-Acetyltransferase.- 9.9. Central Nervous System Myelin Proteins.- 9.10. S-100 Protein.- 9.11. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein.- 9.12. 14-3-2 Protein, Antigen Alpha, and NSP-R.- 9.13. Olfactory Bulb Protein.- 9.14. Substance P.- 10. References.- 3 Molecular Composition and Functional Organization of Synaptic Structures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preparation of Synaptic Structures.- 2.1. Methodology.- 2.2. Synaptosomes.- 2.3. Components Derived from Synaptosomes.- 3. Characterization of Synaptic Structures.- 3.1. Morphology.- 3.2. Enzyme Profiles.- 3.3. Proteins and Polypeptides.- 3.4. Lipid Composition.- 3.5. Antigenic Components.- 4. Functional Organization.- 4.1. Axonal Transport.- 4.2. Release, Storage, and Uptake.- 4.3. Topography.- 5. Prospect.- 6. References.- 4 The Multiple Roles of Glutamate and Aspartate in Neural Tissues.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Putative Neurotransmitter Function.- 2.1. The Status of the Transmitter Role in Invertebrates.- 2.2. The Status of the Transmitter Role in Vertebrates.- 2.3. Possible Nonsynaptic Excitatory and Inhibitory Functions.- 3. Glutamate and Aspartate as Constituents of Protein.- 4. The Role in the Regulation and Maintenance of Intracellular Osmotic and Ionic Balance.- 5. The Roles of Glutamate and Aspartate in Nitrogen Metabolism.- 5.1. The Regulation of Free Ammonia.- 5.2. Glutamate and ?-Ketoglutarate as an Amino Donor-Acceptor System.- 5.3. The Role of Aspartate in the Purine Nucleotide Cycle.- 5.4. Synthesis of Urea in Nerve Tissues.- 6. The Involvement of Glutamate and Aspartate in Energy Metabolism.- 7. Compounds of Neurochemical Interest Derived from Glutamate and Aspartate.- 7.1. ?-Aminobutyrate.- 7.2. N-Acetylaspartate.- 7.3. Peptides Derived from Glutamate and Aspartate.- 8. The Possible Role of Glutamate in Amino Acid Transport.- 9. Future Directions.- 10. References.- 5 Biochemical Aspects of Transmission at Inhibitory Synapses: The Role of Glycine.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Background and Task.- 1.2. A Research Approach.- 2. The Presynaptic Criterion.- 2.1. Distribution of Glycine in Specific Areas of the Lubosacral Spinal Cord of the Cat.- 2.2. Distribution of Glycine in Specific Areas of the Lumbosacral Spinal Cord of the Cat after Ligation of the Thoracic Aorta.- 2.3. Autoradiographic Localization Studies with [3H]Glycine.- 2.4. Presence of Glycine in Specific Presynaptic Nerve Terminals.- 3. The Criterion of Identity of Action.- 3.1. Neurophysiological Data from Spinal Cord.- 3.2. Neurophysiological Data from Other CNS Areas.- 3.3. The Postsynaptic Inhibitory Transmitter in the Cat Lumbosacral Spinal Cord.- 4. The Release Criterion.- 4.1. The Problem.- 4.2. Studies on the Uptake of Glycine by Nerve Endings.- 4.3. In Situ Release Studies.- 4.4. Release Studies with in Vitro Preparations.- 4.5. Present Status.- 5. Other Neurobiological Supportive Studies.- 5.1. Distribution of Glycine in Other Areas of the CNS: Vertebrates.- 5.2. Comparative Distribution of Glycine in Nervous Tissue of Invertebrates.- 5.3. CSF/Blood Ratios and Clearance of Glycine from the CNS.- 5.4. Strychnine Antagonism and Glycine Receptor Studies.- 5.5. Studies with Tetanus Toxin.- 6. Metabolic Studies.- 6.1. Precursor and Flux Studies.- 6.2. In Vitro Experiments with P2 Preparations.- 6.3. In Vitro Enzymatic Studies.- 7. Other Experimental Studies.- 7.1. Maturation Studies.- 7.2. Behavioral Effects of Drug and Metabolite Interactions.- 7.3. Tissue Culture.- 8. A Functional Model of Glycinergic Neurotransmission.- 8.1. Compartmentation in Glycinergic Nerve Endings.- 8.2. Speculations on the Location of the Functional Pool of Glycine.- 9. Neurological Significance.- 9.1. Hyperglycinemia Syndromes.- 9.2. Studies of Spasticity.- 10. Concluding Remarks.- 11. References.
