Neuroimaging in Addiction presents an up-to-date, comprehensive review of the functional and structural imaging human studies that have greatly advanced our understanding of this complex disorder. Approaching addiction from a conceptual rather than a substance-specific perspective, this book integrates broad neuropsychological constructs that consider addiction as a neuroplastic process with genetic, developmental, and substance-induced contributions. The internationally recognized contributors to this volume are leaders in clinical imaging with expertise that spans the addiction spectrum. Following a general introduction, an overview of neural circuitry and modern non-invasive imaging techniques provides the framework for subsequent chapters on reward salience, craving, stress, impulsivity and cognition. Additional topics include the use of neuroimaging for the assessment of acute drug effects, drug-induced neurotoxicity, non-substance addictive behaviors, and the application of imaging genetics to identify unique intermediate phenotypes.
The book concludes with an exploration of the future promise for functional imaging as guide to the diagnosis and treatment of addictive disorders. Scientists and clinicians will find the material in this volume invaluable in their work towards understanding the addicted brain, with the overall goal of improved prevention and treatment outcomes for patients. Features a Foreword by Edythe London, Director of the Center for Addictive Behaviors, University of California at Los Angeles.
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Nevertheless, these minor desires do not detract from the power of this text, which I highly recommended for all preclinical and clinical addiction researchers, addiction psychiatrists, and other mental health and medicine providers interested in obtaining a better understanding of the complexity of addictive disorders via a unique endophenotype-based approach that traverses a broader landscape than a substance-specific presentation. (Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1 May 2013) "Although each chapter stands on its own as an outstanding review of the area of interest, the text still hangs together as a comprehensive well-organized work. In summary, Neuroimaging in Addictions is a timely, well-organized, thorough review of the important progress at the intersection of neuroimaging and addiction research." American Journal of Psychiatry, 2013 "..the book edited by Drs. Adinoff and Stein represents an outstanding collection of contributions from leading investigators in the field, and thus is highly recommended for readers interested in the neurobiologies of addictions." American Journal of Addictions
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Dr. Adinoff is the Chief of the Division on Addictions in the Department of Psychiatry at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas and a staff psychiatrist at the VA North Texas Health Care System. He also holds the Distinguished Professorship of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research at UT Southwestern. Dr. Adinoff obtained his medical training at Michigan State University and completed his residency in psychiatry at Tulane University. Following a fellowship and attending position in the Laboratory of Clinical Studies at the National Institutes on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Dr. Adinoff joined the faculty of the Medical University of South Carolina as director of the substance abuse program at the Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center. Dr. Adinoff's laboratory has used a variety of pharmacologic, cognitive, and behavioral probes to explore the neural and endocrine disruptions that occur following chronic cocaine or alcohol abuse and, more recently, compulsive tanning. Dr. Adinoff has published over 100 articles, reviews, and book chapters on the biology and treatment of addiction. He is also active in teaching trainees and colleagues how the brain disruptions uncovered by neuroimaging research relate to relapse and recovery. Dr. Elliot Stein is Chief of the Neuroimaging Research Branch at the National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA-IRP). Prior to coming to NIDA in 2002, he was Professor of Psychiatry at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), where he was also Professor in the Departments of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and the Biophysics Research Institute. He received his PhD from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in neurophysiology and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the California Institute of Technology with James Olds, a pioneer in brain reward systems. His lab pioneered the development and application of fMRI to study the neurobiology of human drug abuse. His research program employs multiple MR imaging modalities (including MR spectroscopy, BOLD activation, functional connectivity and diffusion tensor imaging) to define those neuronal systems mediating the actions of such abused drugs as nicotine and cocaine, to determine CNS sites and mechanisms responsible for mediating drug craving and reinforcement, and how drugs interact with specific cognitive and affective processes to alterbehavior. His research also incorporates preclinical models to translationally link the more mechanistic preclinical work with the more observational human studies. He has more than 400 authored papers, abstracts, reviews and book chapters in the field of drug addiction.
Foreword xi Edythe D. London List of Contributors xv 1 Introduction 3 Bryon Adinoff and Elliot A. Stein References 5 2 An Integrated Framework for Human Neuroimaging Studies of Addiction from a Preclinical Perspective 9 Karen D. Ersche and Trevor W. Robbins 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Drug Addiction Based on Preclinical Observations 9 2.3 Neuropharmacological Considerations 15 2.4 Neuropathology of Chronic Drug Abuse 15 2.5 Impulsivity: An Endophenotype for Drug Addiction 17 2.6 Compulsivity: Craving versus Drug-Seeking 20 2.7 Summary 25 References 26 3 Structural and Functional Neuroimaging Methods: Applications to Substance Abuse and Addiction 39 Yihong Yang, Svetlana Chefer, Xiujuan Geng, Hong Gu, Xi Chen, and Elliot A. Stein 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 MRI Based Imaging Tools and their Application to Drug Abuse Research 40 3.3 Molecular Imaging with PET and SPECT 59 3.4 Summary and Peek into the Future 69 References 69 4 Functional Neuroimaging of the Acute Effects of Drugs of Abuse 85 Laurence John Reed and David J. Nutt 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Fundamental Neuronal Systems Related to Abuse Liability in Humans 86 4.3 Psychostimulants 87 4.4 Alcohol 92 4.5 Cannabis and the Cannabinoids 95 4.6 Opioids 96 4.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 98 References 99 5 Reward Processing 107 Anne Beck, Anthony A. Grace, and Andreas Heinz 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Neurotransmitter Systems Implicated in Reward Processing 107 5.3 Neurotransmitter Systems Involved in Drug-Related Reward Processing 110 5.4 Alterations in the Mesostriatal System in Addiction 116 5.5 Summary and Outlook 122 5.6 Acknowledgments 123 References 123 6 A Neuroimaging Approach to the Study of Craving 133 Francesca M. Filbey, Eric D. Claus, and Kent. E. Hutchison 6.1 A Neuroimaging Approach to the Study of Craving 133 6.2 Neural Response During Cue-Elicited Craving 134 6.3 Associations between Neural and Subjective Response During Cue-Elicited Craving 141 6.4 Modulators of Neural Response During Cue-Elicited Craving 142 6.5 Effects of Intervention on the Neural Response During Cue-Elicited Craving 147 6.6 Summary and Integration of Findings 149 6.7 Conclusions 151 References 151 7 Impulsivity and Addiction 159 Hugh Garavan 7.1 Introduction 159 7.2 Impulsivity as Reward versus Control 159 7.3 The Neurobiology of Impulsivity 161 7.4 Impulsivity and Risk for Developing a Drug Use Disorder 163 7.5 Impulsivity in Current Users 165 7.6 Impulsivity, Abstinence, and Relapse 168 7.7 Conclusion 170 References 171 8 Cognitive Disruptions in Drug Addiction: a Focus on the Prefrontal Cortex 179 Rita Z. Goldstein, Scott J. Moeller, and Nora D. Volkow 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Attention 181 8.3 Working Memory 190 8.4 Decision-Making 193 8.5 Pre-Morbid Vulnerabilities 198 8.6 Other Brain Regions 198 8.7 Limitations Across All Studies 199 8.8 Treatment Implications 200 8.9 General Summary and Conclusions 200 8.10 Acknowledgments 201 References 201 9 Neural Mechanisms of Stress and Addiction 211 Dongju Seo and Rajita Sinha 9.1 Stress and Addiction 211 9.2 Neural Circuits of Stress Regulation 212 9.3 Dysfunction in the Neural Circuits Underlying Stress and Addiction 218 9.4 Interplay of Gene, Stress, and Drug Intake 222 9.5 Acknowledgments 224 References 224 10 Anatomical and Neurochemical Evidence of Neurotoxic Changes in Psychostimulant Abuse and Dependence 237 Young Hoon Sung and Perry F. Renshaw 10.1 Introduction 237 10.2 Characteristics of Psychostimulants 238 10.3 Quantitative MR Morphology Changes Associated with Psychostimulant Dependence 239 10.4 Gross Anatomic Changes in Brain Structures and Subtle Neurotoxicity 240 10.5 Relationship between Errant Neuromodulation by Drug Abuse and Cognitive Abnormalities 241 10.6 Neurochemical Alterations and Psychostimulant Dependence 244 10.7 Abnormal White Matter Integrity in Psychostimulant Dependence 249 10.8 Alcohol and Opiate Addiction 251 10.9 Conclusion 252 References 253 11 Neuroimaging in Behavioral Addictions 263 Bryon Adinoff and Cythnia R. Harrington 11.1 Introduction 263 11.2 Diagnostic Considerations 264 11.3 Mesostriatal Dopamine Pathway 265 11.4 Reward 269 11.5 Craving 273 11.6 Future Directions 277 References 279 12 Imaging Genetics and Addiction 287 Vibhuti Srivastava and David Goldman 12.1 Introduction 287 12.2 Domains of Vulnerability 289 12.3 Cognitive Function 300 12.4 Brain Morphometric Changes 301 12.5 Bridging Gaps 302 12.6 Imaging Pharmacogenetics 304 12.7 Conclusion 306 Glossary 308 References 309 13 The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Neuroimaging in Addiction Medicine 321 Martina Reske and Martin P. Paulus 13.1 Can fMRI Become the ECG in Addiction Medicine, or What Are the Treatment Implications of Neuroimaging Research in Drug Addiction? 321 13.2 Functional Neuroimaging in Addiction: Relevant Cognitive Constructs to Address during Treatment 322 13.3 Drug Challenge Studies Enhance Knowledge on Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Experience-Relationships 325 13.4 Imaging Symptom Severity 325 13.5 Neuroimaging-Based Monitoring of Treatment Regimes and the Prediction of Treatment Outcomes 326 13.6 Assessing the Relapse Potential Using fMRI 329 13.7 Neurofeedback as a Therapeutic Approach? 334 13.8 Methodological Challenges to Utilize Functional Neuroimaging as a Clinical Test 335 13.9 The Near Future of Brain Imaging in Addiction Medicine 336 References 338 Index 345
