
E-Commerce: Law and Jurisdiction
Beschreibung
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The situation is changing, however, with the introduction of both national and international legislation dealing with issues and relating to, inter alia, data protection, privacy, electronic signatures, consumer protection and morality. The authors in this volume provide commentaries on the most recent developments in various jurisdictions, including the approach of the European Union to the problems raised by e-commerce. They discuss the difficulties in relation to jurisdiction arising from the global nature of Internet and the possibilities for dispute resolution between multi-national parties to an electronic transaction.
The topic is obviously one that will require much attention in the coming years and one which will need strict regulation if electronic commerce is destined to become the trading medium of the future.
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Inhalt
- Cover
- Half Title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Table of Contents
- Editor's Note
- Jurisdiction and the Internet, and European Regulation 44 of 2001
- Introduction
- What is Jurisdiction?
- Jurisdiction in Cyberspace
- Growth of E-Commerce in Europe
- Brussels Convention
- Brussels Regulation
- Effect of Brussels Regulation on Non-Member States
- Conclusion
- The European Privacy Directive and Its Implications in the United States
- Overview
- Introduction
- Privacy as an Individual Property Right
- Contrasts and Comparisons between the United States and Europe
- Ideas about Property Rights
- Legal Systems
- The European Privacy Directive
- In General
- American Reaction to the European Privacy Directive
- Current United States Privacy/Appropriateness Laws and Rules
- Emerging United States Private Privacy Rights
- Workplace Privacy
- Financial Privacy
- Medical Privacy
- Conclusion
- E-Commerce: Directives of the European Union and Implementation in German Law
- Introduction
- The Relationship between the Directives
- Distance Selling Directive
- Purpose of the Directive
- Application of the Directive
- Operators
- Exceptions to the Directive's Application
- Informational Duties
- Right of Withdrawal
- Performance
- Credit Cards
- Unsolicited Goods and Unsolicited Contact
- Summary
- E-Commerce Directive
- Definitions
- Country of Origin Principle
- No Authorization Requirement
- Information Requirements
- Unsolicited Commercial Communication
- Regulated Professions
- Electronically Concluded Contracts
- Liability of the Provider
- Implementation
- Summary
- Copyright Directive
- Reproduction Right
- Communication Right
- Distribution Right
- Exceptions and Limitations
- Technological Measures
- Rights Management Information
- Summary
- Electronic Signature Directive
- Function of Electronic Signatures
- Prior National Legislation
- Intent of the Directive
- Definitions and Requirements
- Market Entry of Certification Providers
- Recognition in Law
- Liability
- International Aspects
- Summary
- Data Protection Directive
- Data Protection and E-Commerce
- Principle of Data Protection
- German Data Protection Law for Tele-Services
- Some Problems of E-Commerce
- Summary
- Conclusion
- E-Commerce and European Competition Law
- Introduction
- European Community Law
- General
- Intellectual Property Law
- Competition Law
- Conclusion
- Liability of Internet Service Providers: Recent Developments
- Introduction
- What is an Internet Service Provider?
- Defamation
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Disclosure of Information: Protection for Internet Service Providers?
- Comment
- Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights
- Trade Marks
- Copyright
- Patents
- Contempt of Court
- Crime
- Legislation and Regulation
- European Community
- United States
- Comment
- United Kingdom
- Australia
- Voluntary Regulation
- Summary
- Human Rights Issues
- What To Do?
- Examples
- Jurisdiction
- Enforcement
- Commercial Issues
- Conclusion
- Alternative Dispute Resolution for Global Consumers in E-Commerce Transactions
- Introduction
- Summary
- Background of E-Commerce
- Alternative Dispute Resolution
- International Perspectives
- Introduction
- World Trade Organization
- United Nations
- World Intellectual Property Organization
- Hague Conference on Private International Law
- United States of America
- European Union (EU)
- Private Alternative Dispute Resolution Organizations, Business and Consumer Groups
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- Notion of Jurisdiction in Cyberspace
- Alternative Dispute Resolution and On-Line Dispute Resolution Resolve Jurisdiction Problems
- United States and European Union Taking the Lead
- United States Workshop
- European Workshops
- Observations
- One Global Program
- Obstacles to Global Alternative Dispute Resolution
- Conclusion
- Competition Law and E-Business: Cooperation and Distribution Systems
- Introduction
- Competition Law Issues Regarding B2B E-Marketplaces
- Overview
- Market Definitions
- Possible Competition Law Issues
- Cooperations in the Field of Specific Internet Applications
- Overview
- Market Definitions
- Competition Law Issues
- Competition Law Issues in Connection with B2C Marketplaces
- Overview
- Market Definition
- Restrictions upon Distribution Systems
- Conclusion
- United States Taxation of International E-Commerce
- Introduction
- Overview
- General
- Source of Income Rules
- United States Trade or Business
- General Sourcing and Allocation of Income Rules
- Background
- General Rules for Sourcing and Allocation of Income
- Specific Rules for Determining Source of Income Derived from E-Commerce
- United States Source Rules for Income from Software
- Treaty Characterization of E-Commerce Payments
- Sourcing Rules for International Telecommunications Income
- Tax Returns and Withholding
- United States Income Tax Return Requirements
- Withholding Tax Obligations
- Emerging Software Companies and Migration Issues
- Outbound Corporate Migrations
- Migrations of Intangibles
- Conclusion
- Data Protection and E-Commerce in Germany
- Introduction
- Data Protection Law in Germany
- Legislation
- Main Principles in German Data Protection Law
- Some Practical Issues
- Creating Profiles from Personal Data
- Transferring Personal Data Abroad
- Outlook
- Perspectives on E-Commerce Regulation in Brazil
- Introduction
- Electronic Signatures
- Identity Authentication
- New Brazilian Bill
- Certification Services
- General
- Certification Authorities
- Certification Systems
- Liability of Certification Authorities
- Who May Act as a Certification Authority
- Consumer Privacy
- Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Mail (Spam)
- Conclusion
- Law on E-Commerce, E-Signature and E-Message Law in Ecuador
- Introduction
- Law on E-Commerce
- Telecommunications and Trade
- Scope of Application
- Electronic Messages
- Electronic Signatures
- Certification Entities
- Legal Aspects of Electronic Transactions
- Capacity
- Consent
- Legal Object and Cause
- Formalities and Special Requirements for Certain Contracts
- Jurisdiction
- E-Commerce in Hungary
- Introduction
- New Act on Electronic Signatures
- Electronic Signatures Act in General
- Effect of the Electronic Signatures Act
- Types of Electronic Signature
- Legal Effects of Electronic Signatures
- Certificate Service Providers
- Acknowledgment of Foreign Certificates
- Data Protection Restrictions
- Implementation of the Electronic Signatures Act
- Electronic Commerce under the Civil Code
- Concluding Agreements through the Internet
- General Business Terms and Conditions
- Consumer Protection Implications
- Data Protection on the Internet
- General Information on Data Protection in Hungary
- Data Handling
- Data Transfer from Hungary
- Data Transfer from the European Union - The Safe Harbor Principles
- Conclusion
- A Legal Overview of Hosting and Housing Agreements
- Introduction
- Who are the Suppliers of These Services?
- What is Meant by Hosting Agreements?
- What is Meant by Housing Agreements?
- Legal Classification of Hosting and Housing Agreements
- Housing Agreements
- Hosting Agreements
- Hosting, Housing and Liability
- Hosting, Housing and Privacy
- Significant Clauses in Hosting and Housing Agreements
- Description of Services
- Access to Internet (Hosting)
- Maintenance (Hosting)
- Security
- Data Backup and Disaster Recovery
- Storage
- Suspension of Services
- Pricing Models
- Service Level Agreements
- Privacy Policy
- Alternative Dispute Resolution
- Representations and Warranties
- Facing up to Service Level Agreements
- Introduction
- Evolution in the Market
- A General Definition
- Defining Service Level Agreements
- Establishing and Managing Service Level Agreements
- Availability and Performance Levels
- What is Promised
- Enforcement
- Failure to Deliver and Penalties
- Other Considerations
- The Organizations
- Dispute Resolution
- General
- Pros and Cons of the Different Mechanisms
- Conclusion
- Unfair Terms in E-Contracts: The European Viewpoint
- Introduction
- Unfair Contractual Terms
- Definitions
- Scope of Control of Unfair Contractual Terms
- Examples of National Legislation on Unfair Terms and Conditions
- Unfair Terms in B2C Contracts
- Conflict of Laws
- Specific Problems of Unfair Terms in E-Contracts
- General Remarks
- Professionals and Consumers as Parties
- Conflict of Laws in E-Contracts
- General Terms and Conditions in E-Contracts
- Negotiation of Unfair Terms in E-Contracts
- Specific Approval of Clauses
- Conclusion
- Application Services Provider Transactions
- Background
- Functional History
- Typical Application Services Provider E-Commerce Applications
- Application Services Provider Agreements Becoming More Complex
- Outsourcing Services Characteristics
- Pricing Models
- Unexpected Issues in Application Services Provider Transactions
- Unique Application Services Provider Legal Issues
- Third Party Hosting Services
- Data Ownership
- Additional Services
- Data Back-Up and Disaster Recovery
- Third Party Access to Application Services Provider Services
- International Operations
- Other Internet-Related Concerns
- Resale and Distribution of Application Services Provider Services
- Bankruptcy Issues
- Significant Contract Clauses and Related Outsourcing Issues
- Service Levels Agreements (Section 1(d))
- Access and Other Licenses (Section 2)
- Payment Terms (Sections 3(a) and (b))
- Early Termination Payments (Section 4(e)(ii))
- Suspension of Services (Section 4(f))
- Customer Performance (Section 5(a)(i))
- Data and Information Accuracy (Section 5(b))
- Confidentiality (Sections 6(a) to (e))
- Ownership of Data (Sections 7(a) and (b))
- Limited Warranties (Sections 8(a) to (c))
- Intellectual Property Rights Indemnifications (Sections 9(a), (b) and (11))
- Conclusion
- Index
- Back Cover
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