Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 4, Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics

Name: Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 4, Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics
Brand: Wiley
Price: 197.99 EUR
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Wenbin Wang Yongliang Zhang Larry J. Paxton(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 14. April 2021

560 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Part I Energetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere
Chapter 1 Joule Heating in the Thermosphere
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. PHYSICS OF JOULE HEATING
1.3. WIND EFFECTS ON JOULE HEATING
1.4. Effects of Irregularities and Electric-Field Variability
1.5. CONDUCTIVITY RELATION TO ELECTRIC FIELD
1.6. POYNTING FLUX
1.7. OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING OF JOULE HEATING AND POYNTING FLUX
1.8. ESTIMATING JOULE HEATING THROUGH DATA ASSIMILATION
1.9. DYNAMICAL EFFECTS OF JOULE HEATING
1.10. JOULE HEATING EFFECTS ON COMPOSITION, TEMPERATURE, AND DENSITY
1.11. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 2 Momentum and Energy Budgets in the High-Latitude Lower Thermospheric Wind System
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. MOMENTUM FORCES ACTING ON THE HIGH-LATITUDE LOWER THERMOSPHERIC WIND SYSTEM
2.3. VERTICAL VORTICITY AND HORIZONTAL DIVERGENCE OF HIGH-LATITUDE LOWER THERMOSPHERIC WINDS
2.4. RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MOMENTUM FORCING AND HEATING TO HIGH-LATITUDE LOWER THERMOSPHERIC ROTATIONAL WINDS
2.5. STEADY-STATE AVAILABLE ENERGY BUDGET IN THE HIGH-LATITUDE LOWER THERMOSPHERE
2.6. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 3 Upper Thermospheric Winds: Forcing, Variability, and Effects
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. MOMENTUM FORCING IN THE UPPER THERMOSPHERE
3.3. VARIATIONS OF UPPER THERMOSPHERE WINDS
3.4. LOWER ATMOSPHERIC WAVE COUPLING
3.5. EFFECTS OF WINDS ON THE IONOSPHERE-THERMOSPHERE SYSTEM
3.6. WIND OBSERVATIONS
3.7. SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 4 Influence of Nonhydrostatic Processes on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. GLOBAL IONOSPHERE-THERMOSPHERE MODEL (GITM) AND NONHYDROSTATIC PROCESSES
4.3. INFLUENCE ON THE VERTICAL WINDS
4.4. INFLUENCE ON THE ACOUSTIC-GRAVITY WAVES
4.5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 5 The Middle- and Low-Latitude Neutral Wind Dynamo
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. IONOSPHERIC ELECTRODYNAMICS
5.3. CONDUCTIVITIES
5.4. THERMOSPHERIC WINDS
5.5. WIND DYNAMO
5.6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part II Upper Atmospheric Composition
Chapter 6 Neutral Composition in the Upper Atmosphere
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. THE HOMOPAUSE
6.3. THE VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF THERMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
6.4. MOLECULAR AND ATOMIC OXYGEN
6.5. THE REASONS THAT THERMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION CHANGES: A THREE-DIMENSIONAL UNDERSTANDING
6.6. HYDROGEN AND WHAT IT TELLS US
6.7. GEOMAGNETIC STORMS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 7 Storm-Time Neutral Composition Changes in the Upper Atmosphere
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. OBSERVATIONS OF THERMOSPHERE IN FUV
7.3. ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE IN THE LOWER THERMOSPHERE
7.4. THERMOSPHERIC NITRIC OXIDE VARIATIONS
7.5. THERMOSPHERIC N 149.3 NM EMISSION
7.6. DISCUSSION
7.7. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 8 Neutral Hydrogen in the Terrestrial Thermosphere and Exosphere: A Ground-Based Perspective
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. THE HOMOSPHERE AND HETEROSPHERE
8.3. AN ATMOSPHERE IN HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM
8.4. THE EXOSPHERE
8.5. GETTING AT THE ATOMIC HYDROGEN ALTITUDE PROFILE [H](z )
8.6. GEOCORONAL BALMER
8.7. FABRY-PEROT OBSERVATIONS
8.8. MODERN AREAS OF SCIENTIFIC FOCUS
8.9. NEW HORIZONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part III Low and Upper Atmosphere Coupling Through Waves
Chapter 9 Atmosphere-Ionosphere (A-I) Coupling by Solar and Lunar Tides
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. STRATOSPHERE SUDDEN WARMINGS (SSW) AND A-I COUPLING BY ATMOSPHERIC TIDES
9.3. TIDE, PW, AND UFKW INTERACTIONS WITHIN A-I COUPLING
9.4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND OPEN QUESTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 10 Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere
10.1. INTRODUCTION
10.2. INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY WAVES AND THEIR OBSERVATIONS IN THE MLT
10.3. IMPACTS ON THE THERMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE
10.4. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 11 Longitudinal Variation in the Mass Density of the Thermosphere: A GAIA Simulation
11.1. INTRODUCTION
11.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION
11.3. RESULTS
11.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part IV Upper Atmosphere Structure and Variability
Chapter 12 Equatorial Thermosphere Anomaly
12.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2. MECHANISMS FOR THE ETA FORMATION
12.3. TIDAL MODULATION OF THE ETA AND THE EIA
12.4. GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY MODULATION OF THE COUPLING BETWEEN THE ETA AND THE EIA
12.5. SOLAR ACTIVITY DEPENDENCE OF THE ETA AND THE EIA
12.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 13 Structured Storm-Time Polar Ionosphere and Its Drivers: A Review
13.1. INTRODUCTION
13.2. SUBAURORAL LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES AND THEIR DRIVING PROCESSES
13.3. LARGE-SCALE AND MESOSCALE PLASMA DENSITY ENHANCEMENTS IN THE HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE
13.4. POLAR IONOSPHERIC IRREGULARITIES
13.5. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 14 Solar Flare Effects on the Thermosphere and Ionosphere
14.1. INTRODUCTION
14.2. MODELS AND DATA
14.3. FLARE RESPONSE IN THE THERMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE
14.4. FLARE CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE FLARE RESPONSE
14.5. SOLAR FLARES AND THEIR EUV LATE PHASE
14.6. LARGE-SCALE TAD OCCURRENCES DURING SOLAR FLARES AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS
14.7. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 15 Day-to-Day Variability of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere
15.1. INTRODUCTION
15.2. DAY-TO-DAY VARIABILITY DUE TO SOLAR RADIATION
15.3. DAY-TO-DAY VARIABILITY DUE TO SOLAR WIND AND GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY
15.4. DAY-TO-DAY VARIABILITY DUE TO METEOROLOGICAL FORCING
15.5. OPEN QUESTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 16 Response of the Ionosphere to Varying Solar Fluxes
16.1. INTRODUCTION
16.2. SOLAR PROXIES
16.3. CHARACTERISTICS
16.4. THE IONOSPHERE UNDER EXTREME SOLAR CONDITIONS
16.5. THE IONOSPHERE AND THERMOSPHERE DURING SOLAR FLARES
16.6. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 17 Long-Term Trends in the Upper Atmosphere
17.1. INTRODUCTION
17.2. VARIOUS PROBLEMS OF TREND INVESTIGATIONS
17.3. MESOSPHERE AND LOWER THERMOSPHERE
17.4. UPPER THERMOSPHERE AND F REGION IONOSPHERE
17.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part V Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation
Chapter 18 Inference of Hidden States by Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation: Applications to Observability and Predictability of Neutral Mass Density
18.1. INTRODUCTION
18.2. BACKGROUND
18.3. ENSEMBLE DATA ASSIMILATION AND FORECAST APPROACHES
18.4. OBSERVING SYSTEM EXPERIMENT (OSE)
18.5. OBSERVING SYSTEM SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS (OSSES)
18.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part VI Upper Atmosphere Observations
Chapter 19 The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational Results
19.1. THE GROUND-BASED AIRGLOW NETWORK ACROSS CHINA
19.2. GRAVITY WAVES IN THE MESOPAUSE REGION OVER CHINA
19.3. STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MSTIDS OVER NORTHERN CHINA
19.4. OBSERVATIONS OF EQUATORIAL PLASMA BUBBLES IN SOUTHERN CHINA
19.5. THERMOSPHERIC OSCILLATIONS OBSERVED USING FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETERS
19.6. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 20 MLT Science Enabled by Atmospheric Lidars
20.1. INTRODUCTION
20.2. LIDAR MEASUREMENTS IN THE MESOSPHERE AND LOWER THERMOSPHERE
20.3. CLIMATOLOGY AND LONG-TERM CHANGE IN THE MLT
20.4. LIDAR MEASURED MLT TIDES AND TEMPERATURE/WIND ANOMALIES ASSOCIATED WITH SSW AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS
20.5. GRAVITY WAVE DYNAMICS, FLUXES, AND ATMOSPHERIC STABILITIES
20.6. SYNERGISTIC INVESTIGATIONS WITH CLUSTERED INSTRUMENTATION
20.7. SPORADIC AND THERMOSPHERIC METAL LAYERS
20.8. PROSPECTS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
Chapter 21 Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields Induced by Electrojets From Space: Measurement Techniques and Sensor Design
21.1. INTRODUCTION
21.2. ZEEMAN SENSING OF CURRENT-INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS
21.3. MEM: A CONCEPTUAL MULTI-ELEMENTS FULL STOKES O2 118-GHZ RECEIVER SYSTEM
21.4. OPTIMIZED MEM -FIELD SENSING TECHNIQUE
21.5. A CUBESAT MISSION EXAMPLE: STUDY OF FEEDING AND DRAINAGE OF AURORAL ELECTROJET
21.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 22 Remote Sensing of Global Lower Thermospheric Winds: Sensing Techniques and Sensor Design
22.1. INTRODUCTION
22.2. LIMB SOUNDING OF THERMOSPHERIC WIND PROFILES FROM SPACE
22.3. COMPACT, LOW-POWER, AND HIGH-SENSITIVITY THZ HETERODYNE TECHNOLOGY
22.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 23 Exploring the Upper Atmosphere: Using Optical Remote Sensing
23.1. INTRODUCTION
23.2. ADDRESSING CHALLENGES
23.3. OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING
23.4. SUMMARY OF PROCESSES AND SIGNATURES
23.5. UV REMOTE SENSING
23.6. MISSION ARCHITECTURE
23.7. DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Index
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