Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 4, Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics

List of Contributors vii

Preface xi

Part I Energetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere

1 Joule Heating in the Thermosphere
Arthur D. Richmond 3

2 Momentum and Energy Budgets in the High-Latitude Lower Thermospheric Wind System
Young-Sil Kwak and Arthur D. Richmond 19

3 Upper Thermospheric Winds: Forcing, Variability, and Effects
Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Jing Liu 41

4 Influence of Nonhydrostatic Processes on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere
Yue Deng, Cissi Y. Lin, Qingyu Zhu, and Cheng Sheng 65

5 The Middle- and Low-Latitude Neutral Wind Dynamo
Astrid Maute 79

Part II Upper Atmospheric Composition

6 Neutral Composition in the Upper Atmosphere
Alan G. Burns, Wenbin Wang, and Liying Qian 107

7 Storm-Time Neutral Composition Changes in the Upper Atmosphere
Yongliang Zhang and Larry J. Paxton 115

8 Neutral Hydrogen in the Terrestrial Thermosphere and Exosphere: A Ground-Based Perspective
Edwin Mierkiewicz 135

Part III Low and Upper Atmosphere Coupling Through Waves

9 Atmosphere-Ionosphere (A-I) Coupling by Solar and Lunar Tides
Jeffrey M. Forbes 159

10 Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere
Jia Yue, Ruth Lieberman, and Loren C. Chang 183

11 Longitudinal Variation in the Mass Density of the Thermosphere: A GAIA Simulation
Yasunobu Miyoshi 217

Part IV Upper Atmosphere Structure and Variability

12 Equatorial Thermosphere Anomaly
Jiuhou Lei 229

13 Structured Storm-Time Polar Ionosphere and Its Drivers: A Review
Jing Liu, Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Qinghe Zhang 239

14 Solar Flare Effects on the Thermosphere and Ionosphere
Liying Qian and Thomas N. Woods 253

15 Day-to-Day Variability of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere
Huixin Liu, Yosuke Yamazaki, and Jiuhou Lei 275

16 Response of the Ionosphere to Varying Solar Fluxes
Libo Liu, Yiding Chen, and Huijun Le 301

17 Long-Term Trends in the Upper Atmosphere
Jan Lastovicka 325

Part V Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation

18 Inference of Hidden States by Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation: Applications to Observability and Predictability of Neutral Mass Density
Tomoko Matsuo and Chih-Ting Hsu 345

Part VI Upper Atmosphere Observations

19 The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational Results
Jiyao Xu, Qinzeng Li, Longchang Sun, Xiao Liu, Wei Yuan, Wenbin Wang, Jia Yue, Shunrong Zhang, Weijun Liu, Guoying Jiang, Kun Wu, Hong Gao, and Chang Lai 367

20 MLT Science Enabled by Atmospheric Lidars
Chiao-Yao She, Alan Z. Liu, Tao Yuan, Jia Yue, Tao Li, Chao Ban, and Jonathan S. Friedman 395

21 Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields Induced by Electrojets From Space: Measurement Techniques and Sensor Design
Jeng-Hwa Yee, Jesper Gjerloev, and Dong Wu 451

22 Remote Sensing of Global Lower Thermospheric Winds: Sensing Techniques and Sensor Design
Jeng-Hwa Yee, Imran Mehdi, Darren Hayton, Jose Siles, and Dong Wu 469

23 Exploring the Upper Atmosphere: Using Optical Remote Sensing
Larry J. Paxton, Yongliang Zhang, Hyosub Kil, and Robert K. Schaefer 487

Index 523