Electrocatalysis in Balancing the Natural Carbon Cycle

Preface
Acknowledgments

Part I Introduction
1 Introduction
Reference

Part II Natural Carbon Cycle
2 Natural Carbon Cycle and Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle
2.1 Definition and General Process
2.2 From Inorganic Carbon to Organic Carbon
2.3 From Organic Carbon to Inorganic Carbon
2.4 Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle
2.4.1 Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions
2.4.2 Capture and Recycle of CO2 from the Atmosphere
2.4.3 Fixation and Conversion of CO2
2.4.3.1 Photochemical Reduction
2.4.3.2 Electrochemical Reduction
2.4.3.3 Chemical/Thermo Reforming
2.4.3.4 Physical Fixation
2.4.3.5 Anthropogenic Carbon Conversion and Emissions Via Electrochemistry
References

Part III Electrochemical Catalysis Process
3 Electrochemical Catalysis Processes
3.1 Water Splitting
3.1.1 Reaction Mechanism
3.1.1.1 Mechanism of OER
3.1.1.2 Mechanism of ORR
3.1.1.3 Mechanism of HER
3.1.2 General Parameters to Evaluate Water Splitting
3.1.2.1 Tafel Slope
3.1.2.2 TOF
3.1.2.3 Onset/Overpotential
3.1.2.4 Stability
3.1.2.5 Electrolyte
3.2 Electrochemistry CO2 Reduction Reaction (ECDRR)
3.2.1 Possible Reaction Pathways of ECDRR
3.2.1.1 Formation of HCOO- or HCOOH
3.2.1.2 Formation of CO
3.2.1.3 Formation of C1 Products
3.2.1.4 Formation of C2 Products
3.2.1.5 Formation of CH3COOH and CH3COO-
3.2.1.6 Formation of n-Propanol (C3 Product)
3.2.2 General Parameters to Evaluate ECDRR
3.2.2.1 Onset Potential
3.2.2.2 Faradaic Efficiency
3.2.2.3 Partial Current Density
3.2.2.4 Environmental Impact and Cost
3.2.2.5 Electrolytes
3.2.2.6 Electrochemical Cells
3.3 Small Organic Molecules Oxidation
3.3.1 The Mechanism of Electrochemistry HCOOH Oxidation
3.3.2 The Mechanism of Electro-oxidation of Alcohol
References

Part IV Water Splitting and Devices
4 Water Splitting Basic Parameter/Others
4.1 Composition and Exact Reactions in Different pH Solution
4.2 Evaluation of the Catalytic Activity
4.2.1 Overpotential
4.2.2 Tafel Slope
4.2.3 Stability
4.2.4 Faradaic Efficiency
4.2.5 Turnover Frequency
References
5 H2O Oxidation
5.1 Regular H2O Oxidation
5.1.1 Noble Metal Catalysts
5.1.2 Other Transition Metals
5.1.3 Other Catalysts
5.2 Photo-Assisted H2O Oxidation
5.2.1 Metal Compound-Based Catalysts
5.2.2 Metal-Metal Heterostructure Catalysts
5.2.3 Metal-Nonmetal Heterostructure Catalysts
References
6 H2O Reduction and Water Splitting Electrocatalytic Cell
6.1 Noble-Metal-Based HER Catalysts
6.2 Non-Noble Metal Catalysts
6.3 Water Splitting Electrocatalytic Cell
References

Part V H2 Oxidation/O2 Reduction and Device
7 Introduction
7.1 Electrocatalytic Reaction Parameters
7.1.1 Electrochemically Active Surface Area (ECSA)
7.1.1.1 Test Methods
7.1.2 Determination Based on the Surface Redox Reaction
7.1.3 Determination by Electric Double-Layer Capacitance Method
7.1.4 Kinetic and Exchange Current Density (jk and j0)
7.1.4.1 Definition
7.1.4.2 Calculation
7.1.5 Overpotential HUPD
7.1.6 Tafel Slope
7.1.7 Halfwave Potentials
References
8 Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction (HOR)
8.1 Mechanism for HOR
8.1.1 Hydrogen Bonding Energy (HBE)
8.1.2 Underpotential Deposition (UPD) of Hydrogen
8.2 Catalysts for HOR
8.2.1 Pt-based Materials
8.2.2 Pd-Based Materials
8.2.3 Ir-Based Materials
8.2.4 Rh-Based Materials
8.2.5 Ru-Based Materials
8.2.6 Non-noble Metal Materials
References
9 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
9.1 Mechanism for ORR
9.1.1 Battery System and Damaged Electrodes
9.1.2 Intermediate Species
9.2 Catalysts in ORR
9.2.1 Noble Metal Materials
9.2.1.1 Platinum/Carbon Catalyst
9.2.1.2 Pd and Pt
9.2.2 Transition Metal Catalysts
9.2.3 Metal-Free Catalysts
9.3 Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis
9.3.1 Catalysts Advances
9.3.1.1 Pure Metals
9.3.1.2 Metal Alloys
9.3.1.3 Carbon Materials
9.3.1.4 Electrodes and Reaction Cells
References
10 Fuel Cell and Metal-Air Battery