Legal Guide for Police

Preface

CHAPTER 1. Introduction

? 1.1 Criminal Procedure

? 1.2 Sources of Criminal Procedure Law

? 1.3 Judicial Functions

? 1.4 The Supreme Court and the Police

? 1.5 Packer's Models of the Criminal Justice System

? 1.6 Summary

CHAPTER 2. Results of Failure to Comply with Constitutional Mandates

? 2.1 The Exclusionary Rule

? 2.2 Extension of the Exclusionary Rule to All Courts: Mapp v. Ohio

? 2.3 Application and Modification of the Exclusionary Rule

? 2.4 Civil Liabilities

? 2.5 Civil Rights Actions

? 2.6 Liability of Supervisors, Administrators, and Agencies

? 2.7 Admissibility of Evidence

? 2.8 Summary

CHAPTER 3. Police Power and Limitations

? 3.1 Police Power, Authority, and Responsibility

? 3.2 Limits on Police Authority

? 3.3 Bill of Rights

? 3.4 Due Process of Law

? 3.5 Effects of Broadening the Scope of the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause

? 3.6 Protection of Rights via State Constitutions and Laws

? 3.7 Summary

CHAPTER 4. Police Authority to Detain

? 4.1 General Considerations

? 4.2 Consensual Encounters

? 4.3 Terry v. Ohio Stop-and-Frisk Rationale

? 4.4 Application to Off-Street Situations

? 4.5 Application to Detention of Motorists

? 4.6 Detention of Luggage

? 4.7 Duration of the Detention

? 4.8 Detention to Check Driver's License and Registration

? 4.9 Detention at Police Roadblocks

? 4.10 Summary

CHAPTER 5. Law of Arrest

? 5.1 General Considerations

? 5.2 Statutory Authority to Arrest

? 5.3 Definition and Elements of Arrest

? 5.4 Arrest under the Authority of an Arrest Warrant

? 5.5 Arrest without a Warrant

? 5.6 Post-Arrest Probable Cause Determination

? 5.7 Use of Force in Making an Arrest

? 5.8 The Citation and Summons in Law Enforcement

? 5.9 Arrest after Fresh Pursuit

? 5.10 Summary

CHAPTER 6. Search and Seizure with a Warrant

? 6.1 General Considerations

? 6.2 Constitutional Provisions

? 6.3 Seizure with a Valid Search Warrant-General

? 6.4 The Warrant Must Be Issued on Probable Cause

? 6.5 A Proper Official Must Issue the Warrant

? 6.6 The Warrant Must Be Supported by Oath or Affirmation

? 6.7 The Place to Be Searched and the Things to Be Seized Must Be Particularly Described

? 6.8 Execution of the Search Warrant

? 6.9 Search of a Person on the Premises

? 6.10 Return of the Warrant

? 6.11 Summary

CHAPTER 7. Search and Seizure without a Warrant

? 7.1 General Considerations

? 7.2 Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest

? 7.3 Search with a Valid Waiver (Consent Searches)

? 7.4 Exigent Circumstances Exception to the Warrant Requirement

? 7.5 Plain View Searches

? 7.6 Search of Premises Not Protected by the Fourth Amendment (Open Fields)

? 7.7 Search by a Private Individual

? 7.8 Standing to Challenge the Search

? 7.9 Stop-and-Frisk

? 7.10 Airport Searches

? 7.11 Search of Pervasively Regulated Businesses

? 7.12 Summary

CHAPTER 8. Specialized Searches without a Warrant: Vehicles, Dogs, and Technology

? 8.1 General Considerations

? 8.2 Search of Movable Vehicles and Objects

? 8.3 Searches Related to Driving While Intoxicated Cases

? 8.4 Search after Lawful Impoundment (Inventory Searches)

? 8.5 Use of Dogs in Searches

? 8.6 6 Electronic Searches and Seizure of Verbal Evidence via Recorders or Microphones

? 8.7 Other Searches Using Technology

? 8.8 Cell Phones and Computers

? 8.9 Summary

CHAPTER 9. Questioning Suspects

? 9.1 General Considerations

? 9.2 The Free and Voluntary Rule

? 9.3 Warning and Waiver Requirements (Miranda Rule)

? 9.4 Exclusion Related to the Fourth Amendment

? 9.5 Right to Counsel

? 9.6 The Delay in Arraignment Rule

? 9.7 Exceptions to Right to Counsel and Self-Incrimination

? 9.8 Admissibility of a Second Confession After an Inadmissible First Confession

? 9.9 Summary

CHAPTER 10. Pretrial Identification Procedures

? 10.1 General Considerations

? 10.2 Fingerprinting and Photographing Suspects

? 10.3 Lineup-Self-Incrimination Challenge

? 10.4 Lineup-Right to Counsel Challenge

? 10.5 Lineup-Due Process Challenge

? 10.6 Pretrial Photographic Identification

? 10.7 Dental Examination

? 10.8 Voice Exemplars

? 10.9 Footprint Comparisons and Other Body Examinations

? 10.10 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Tests

? 10.11 Summary

CHAPTER 11. Police Law in Practice

? 11.1 General Considerations

? 11.2 The Consequences of Not Complying with the Law

? 11.3 Detention and Arrest

? 11.4 Searches and Seizures

? 11.5 Questioning Suspects

? 11.6 Pretrial Identification

? 11.7 When You Are On Your Own

Appendix

The Bill of Rights (First Ten Amendments to the Constitution) and the Fourteenth Amendment

Table of Cases

Index