Polar Lakes and Rivers Limnology of Arctic and Antarctic Aquatic Ecosystems

Name: Polar Lakes and Rivers Limnology of Arctic and Antarctic Aquatic Ecosystems | Limnology of Arctic and Antarctic Aquatic Ecosystems
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Limnology of Arctic and Antarctic Aquatic Ecosystems

LAYBOURN-PARRY WARW(Autor*in)

Oxford University Press

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Erschienen am 11. September 2008

363 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Contents
Preface
About international polar year
Contributors
1 Introduction to the limnology of high-latitude lake and river ecosystems
Outline
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of polar limnology
1.3 Limnological diversity
1.4 Controlling variables for biological production
1.4.1 Water supply
1.4.2 Irradiance
1.4.3 Low temperature
1.4.4 Nutrient supply
1.4.5 Benthic communities
1.5 Food webs in polar lakes
1.6 Polar lakes and global change
1.6.1 Physical thresholds
1.6.2 Biogeochemical thresholds
1.6.3 Biological thresholds
1.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Appendix 1.1
2 Origin and geomorphology of lakes in the polar regions
Outline
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lake origins
2.2.1 Wetlands
2.2.2 Ice-dependent lakes
2.2.3 Postglacial lakes
2.2.4 Thermokarst lakes and ponds
2.2.5 Coastal uplift systems
2.2.6 Meteoritic impact crater lakes
2.2.7 Volcanic lakes
2.2.8 Karst systems
2.2.9 Tectonic lakes
2.2.10 Lakes of other origins
2.3 Geographical regions
2.3.1 The circumpolar Arctic
2.3.2 Coastal Antarctic lakes
2.3.3 Antarctic and Arctic subglacial lakes
2.4 Effects of landscape evolution and climate change on polar lakes
2.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3 High-latitude paleolimnology
Outline
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Why study paleolimnology at high latitudes?
3.2 Lake geomorphology and ontogeny
3.2.1 Geomorphology
3.2.2 Lake ontogeny
3.2.3 Origin of the lake biota
3.3 Applied studies: tracking environmental change
3.3.1 Climate change
3.3.2 Regional vegetation change
3.3.3 Reconstructing sea-level change
3.3.4 Tracking past fish and wildlife populations
3.3.5 Changes in UV radiation
3.3.6 Atmospheric and terrestrial pollutants
3.4 Synthesis studies
3.5 Prospects
3.5.1 Paleolimnology of subglacial lakes
3.5.2 Paleolimnology of earlier interglacial periods
3.5.3 Paleolimnology of extreme environments
3.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
4 The physical limnology of high-latitude lakes
Outline
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Snow and ice dynamics
4.3 Underwater radiation
4.4 Stratification regimes
4.5 Hydrological balance and flow pathways under the ice
4.6 Mixing and circulation beneath the ice
4.7 Mixing and flow paths during ice-off and open-water conditions: Alaskan lakes
4.8 Stratification and mixing beneath perennial ice: McMurdo Dry Valley lakes
4.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
5 High-latitude rivers and streams
Outline
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Antarctic streams
5.3 Case study: effect of flow restoration on microbial mats and ecosystem processes
5.4 Arctic streams
5.5 Case study: long-term effect of nutrient enrichment
5.6 Large Arctic rivers
5.7 Arctic flood-plain lakes
5.8 Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic fluvial ecosystems
5.8.1 Stream discharge
5.8.2 Stream ecosystems
5.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6 Ice-based freshwater ecosystems
Outline
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Ecosystems on and in glacial ice
6.2.1 Types of glacier-based ecosystem
6.2.2 Cryoconite holes
6.2.3 Supraglacial pools and streams
6.3 Ecosystems on floating ice shelves
6.3.1 Types of ice-shelf ecosystem
6.3.2 Physical processes in ice-shelf ponds
6.3.3 Ecosystem processes in ice-shelf ponds
6.4 Lake-ice ecosystems
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Physical processes in lake ice
6.4.3 Ecosystem processes in lake ice
6.5 The significance of ice-based systems
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7 Antarctic subglacial water: origin, evolution, and ecology
Outline
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Antarctic subglacial lakes and rivers: distribution, origin, and hydrology
7.2.1 Distribution
7.2.2 Origin
7.2.3 Hydrology
7.3 Antarctic ice streams: regions of dynamic liquid water movement that influence ice-sheet dynamics
7.4 Subglacial environments as habitats for life and reservoirs of organic carbon
7.4.1 Lake Vostok
7.4.2 Microbial ecology of icy environments
7.4.3 Subglacial environments as reservoirs of organic carbon
Acknowledgments
References
8 Biogeochemical processes in high-latitude lakes and rivers
Outline
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Carbon cycle
8.2.1 Inorganic carbon dynamics
8.2.2 Dissolved organic carbon dynamics
8.3 Nutrient cycling
8.4 Geochemical linkages
8.5 Future responses to a warming climate
8.5.1 Hydrologic change
8.5.2 Direct effects of rising temperatures
8.5.3 Permafrost thaw
8.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 Phytoplankton and primary production
Outline
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Photosynthetic plankton
9.2.1 Photosynthetic bacteria
9.2.2 Eukaryotic phytoplankton
9.2.3 Ciliates
9.3 Biomass
9.4 Primary production
9.5 Environmental stressors
9.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10 Benthic primary production in polar lakes and rivers
Outline
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of benthic community
10.2.1 Microbial mats
10.2.2 Aquatic mosses
10.2.3 Benthic communities in running waters
10.3 Benthic primary production
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11 Heterotrophic microbial processes in polar lakes
Outline
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Food webs
11.3 Bacteria
11.4 Photosynthetic plankton: autotrophs and mixotrophs
11.5 Heterotrophic microplankton: flagellates, ciliates, and rotifers
11.6 Viruses
11.7 Microbial heterotrophic processes and controls
11.8 Carbon and microbial heterotrophy
11.9 Conclusions
References
12 Microbial biodiversity and biogeography
Outline
12.1 Microbial biodiversity
12.2 Bacteria
12.3 Cyanobacteria
12.4 Archaea
12.5 Eukaryotes
12.6 Viruses
12.7 Survival
12.8 Dispersal
12.9 Biogeography
12.10 Endemism
12.11 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13 Zooplankton and zoobenthos in high-latitude water bodies
Outline
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The origin of polar fauna
13.3 Species diversity between poles
13.4 Habitats and their key species
13.4.1 Lakes and ponds
13.4.2 Saline standing waters
13.4.3 Rivers and streams
13.5 Implications of climate change
13.5.1 Temperature
13.5.2 UV radiation
13.6 Conclusions
References
14 Fish in high-latitude Arctic lakes
Outline
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fish population structure in Arctic lakes
14.3 Adaptations for high-latitude life
14.4 Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus
14.5 Lake char, Salvelinus namaycush
14.6 Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
14.7 The coregonines
14.8 Other species
14.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
15 Food-web relationships and community structures in high-latitude lakes
Outline
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Why study high-latitude lake food webs?
15.1.2 Commonalities and differences between Arctic and Antarctic lakes
15.2 Food webs
15.2.1 Structural features
15.2.2 Continental Antarctic lakes
15.2.3 Maritime Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic lakes
15.2.4 Arctic lakes
15.2.5 Benthic and pelagic production and the role in the food web
15.3 Climate as a stressor
15.4 Case studies
15.4.1 Energy flow in Ace Lake and Lake Fryxell, Antarctica
15.4.2 Reverse spatial subsidies model for Antarctic landscapes
15.4.3 Nine years' monitoring of two small lakes in northeast Greenland
15.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
16 Direct human impacts on high-latitude lakes and rivers
Outline
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Physical impacts
16.3 Chemical impacts
16.3.1 Chemical contamination in Antarctica
16.3.2 Acidifying substances and nutrients
16.3.3 Heavy metals
16.3.4 Radionuclides
16.3.5 Petroleum hydrocarbons
16.3.6 Combustion-related hydrocarbons and particles
16.3.7 Persistent organic pollutants
16.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
17 Future directions in polar limnology
Outline
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Wireless networks
17.3 Underwater sensors and imaging systems
17.4 Surface imagery
17.5 Environmental genomics
17.6 Extremophiles and bioprospecting
17.7 Model development
17.8 Conclusions
References
Glossary
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Index
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