Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages

Name: Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages | An Introduction
Brand: John Benjamins Publishing Company
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An Introduction

Viveka Velupillai(Autor*in)

John Benjamins Publishing Company

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Erschienen am 9. April 2015

XXVII, 599 Seiten

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Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages
Editorial page
Title page
LCC data
Dedication page
Table of contents
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
General introduction
A brief note on the history of the field
The purpose of this book
Conventions
Some general terminology
A note on language names
A note on the examples
The structure of this book
Part I. General aspects
1. Pidgins
1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Levels of stability
1.1.1.1 Jargons
1.1.1.2 Pidgins
1.1.1.3 Extended pidgins ('pidgincreoles')
1.1.2 The social status of pidgin languages
1.1.3 The etymology of 'pidgin'
1.2 Types of pidgins
1.2.1 Trade and nautical pidgins
1.2.1.1 Maritime/nautical pidgins
1.2.1.2 Trade pidgins
1.2.2 Workforce pidgins
1.2.2.1 Domestic workforce pidgins
1.2.2.2 Plantation pidgins
1.2.2.3 Mine and industry pidgins
1.2.3 Military pidgins
1.2.4 Urban pidgins
1.3 Assumed typical linguistic features of pidgins
1.3.1.1 Phonology
1.3.1.2 Morphology
1.3.1.3 The noun phrase
1.3.1.4 The verb phrase
1.3.1.5 Simple sentences
1.3.1.6 Predication
1.3.1.7 Complex sentences
1.3.1.8 The lexicon
1.4 Snapshots
1.4.1 Borgarmålet: An extinct trade jargon in northern Sweden
1.4.2 Français Tirailleur: An extinct French-lexified military pidgin in West Africa
1.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Français Tirailleur
1.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Français Tirailleur
1.4.2.3 Short text
1.4.2.4 Some sources of data
1.4.3 Tok Pisin: An English-lexified extended pidgin (pidgincreole) in Papua New Guinea
1.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Tok Pisin
1.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Tok Pisin
1.4.3.3 Short text
1.4.3.4 Some sources of data
1.5 Summary
1.6 Key points
1.7 Exercises
2. Creoles
2.1 Definitions
2.1.1 The etymology of 'creole'
2.1.2 The social status of creole languages
2.2 Types of creoles
2.2.1 Exogenous creoles
2.2.1.1 Plantation creoles
2.2.1.2 Maroon creoles
2.2.2 Endogenous creoles
2.3 Assumed typical linguistic features of creoles
2.3.1.1 Phonology
2.3.1.2 Morphology
2.3.1.3 The noun phrase
2.3.1.4 The verb phrase
2.3.1.5 Simple sentences
2.3.1.6 Predication
2.3.1.7 Complex sentences
2.3.1.8 The lexicon
2.4 Snapshots
2.4.1 Negerhollands: An extinct Dutch-lexified plantation creole on the Virgin Islands
2.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Negerhollands
2.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Negerhollands
2.4.1.3 Short text
2.4.1.4 Some sources of data
2.4.2 Nengee: An English-lexified maroon creole in Suriname and French Guiana
2.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Nengee
2.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Nengee
2.4.2.3 Short text
2.4.2.4 Some sources of data
2.4.3 Diu Indo-Portuguese: A Portuguese-lexified fort creole in India
2.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Diu Indo-Portuguese
2.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Diu Indo-Portuguese
2.4.3.3 Short text
2.4.3.4 Some sources of data
2.5 Summary
2.6 Key points
2.7 Exercises
3. Mixed languages
3.1 Definitions
3.1.1 Structural types of mixed languages
3.1.1.1 Intertwined languages
3.1.1.2 Converted languages
3.1.2 Sociolinguistic types of mixed languages
3.1.2.1 Mixed languages as markers of a new identity
3.1.2.2 Mixed languages as markers of a retained identity
3.2 A very brief note on mixed language formation processes
3.2.1 Unidirectional formation processes
3.2.1.1 Mixed languages as a result of borrowing
3.2.1.2 Mixed languages as a result of code-switching
3.2.1.3 Mixed languages as a result of relexification
3.2.1.4 Mixed languages as a result of paralexification
3.2.2 Fusional formation processes
3.2.2.1 Mixed languages as a result of language intertwining
3.2.2.2 Mixed languages as a result of language competition and evolution
3.3 Snapshots
3.3.1 Bilingual Navajo: A G-L mixed language as a marker of retained identity
3.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Bilingual Navajo
3.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Bilingual Navajo
3.3.1.3 Short text
3.3.1.4 Some sources of data
3.3.2 Michif: An N-V mixed language as a marker of a new identity
3.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Michif
3.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Michif
3.3.2.3 Short text
3.3.2.4 Some sources of data
3.3.3 Sri Lankan Malay: An F-S mixed language as a marker of a new identity
3.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Sri Lankan Malay
3.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Sri Lankan Malay
3.3.3.3 Short text
3.3.3.4 Some sources of data
3.4 Summary
3.5 Key points
3.6 Exercises
4. Sociohistorical contexts of pidgins and creoles
4.1 The European expansion
4.1.1 From homestead to plantation economy
4.1.2 Plantations and mass migration
4.1.2.1 European colonialism and slave labour
4.1.2.2 European colonialism and indentured labour
4.2 Contact languages as a result of the European expansion
4.2.1 Demographic factors in creole formation
4.2.1.1 Life expectancy, age distribution and population growth of the labourers
4.2.1.2 Men to women ratio of the labourers
4.2.1.3 European to non-European ratio and locally versus foreign born population
4.2.1.4 The origins of the population groups
4.2.2 Sociolinguistic factors in creole formation
4.2.2.1 Levels of interaction
4.2.2.2 Levels of prestige
4.2.2.3 Missionaries and education
4.2.3 Diffusion
4.3 Snapshots
4.3.1 Gullah: An English-lexified Atlantic creole
4.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Gullah
4.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Gullah
4.3.1.3 Short text
4.3.1.4 Some sources of data
4.3.2 Mauritian Creole: A French-lexified Indian Ocean creole
4.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Mauritian Creole
4.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Mauritian Creole
4.3.2.3 Short text
4.3.2.4 Some sources of data
4.3.3 Rabaul Creole German: A German-lexified Pacific creole
4.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Rabaul Creole German
role in child rearing" (Volker 1991: 149). 4.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Rabaul Creole German
4.3.3.3 Short text
4.3.3.4 Some sources of data
4.4 Summary
4.5 Key points
4.6 Exercises
5. Theories on the formation processes of pidgins
5.1 The development of pidgins
5.1.1 Monogenesis and relexification
5.1.2 Nautical Jargon
5.1.3 Polygenesis and proposed formation processes of pi
5.1.3.1 The Common Core theory
5.1.3.2 The Interlanguage theory
5.1.3.3 The Foreigner Talk theory
5.1.3.4 Transfer and substrates in pidgin formation
5.1.4 The origin of pidgins: A summary
5.2 Hybridization and the emergence of pidgins
5.3 Snapshots
5.3.1 Lingua Franca: An extinct Romance-lexified pidgin in the Mediterranean Basin
5.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Lingua Franca
5.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Lingua Franca
5.3.1.3 Short text
5.3.1.4 Some sources of data
5.3.2 Chinese Pidgin English: An extinct English-lexified pidgin on the Chinese coast
5.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Chinese Pidgin English
5.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Chinese Pidgin English
5.3.2.3 Short text
5.3.2.4 Some sources of data
5.3.3 Pidgin Delaware: An extinct Unami-lexified pidgin on the Middle Atlantic coast of North Ameri
5.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Pidgin Delaware
5.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Pidgin Delaware
5.3.3.3 Short text
5.3.3.4 Some sources of data
5.4 Summary
5.5 Key points
5.6 Exercises
6. Theories on the formation processes of creoles
6.1 The development of creoles
6.1.1 The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis and the Creole Prototype
6.1.2 The Relexification Hypothesis
6.1.3 The Founder Principle
6.1.4 Feature pools and an evolutionary account of creole formation
6.1.5 The Gradualist Model of creolization
6.1.6 Afrogenesis or the Domestic Origin Hypothesis
6.1.7 The origin of creoles: A summary
6.2 The notion of the pidgin-to-creole life cycle
6.3 Multilingualism and creolization
6.4 Snapshots
6.4.1 Hawai'i Creole English: An English-lexified creole in Hawai'i
6.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Hawai'i Creole English
6.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Hawai'i Creole English
6.4.1.3 Short text
6.4.1.4 Some sources of data
6.4.2 Haitian Creole: A French-lexified creole in Haiti
6.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Haitian Creole
6.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Haitian Creole
6.4.2.3 Short text
6.4.2.4 Some sources of data
6.4.3 Berbice Dutch: An extinct Dutch-lexified creole in Guyana
6.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Berbice Dutch
6.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Berbice Dutch
6.4.3.3 Short text
6.4.3.4 Some sources of data
6.5 Summary
6.6 Key points
6.7 Exercises
7. Variation and change
7.1 Variation
7.1.1 Continua and implicational scales
7.1.1.1 Continuum of 'lects'
7.1.1.2 Implicational patterns
7.1.2 Diglossia
7.2 Change
7.2.1 The notion of depidginization and decreolization
7.2.2 The notion of repidginization and recreolization
7.3 Snapshots
7.3.1 Belizean Creole: An English-lexified Caribbean creole with a wide lectal continuum
7.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Belizean Creole
7.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Belizean Creole
7.3.1.3 Short text
7.3.1.4 Some sources of data
7.3.2 Ambon Malay: A Malay-lexified Pacific creole which functions as both an L and an H variety
7.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Ambon Malay
7.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Ambon Malay
7.3.2.3 Short text
7.3.2.4 Some sources of data
7.3.3 Ternate Chabacano: A Spanish-lexified creole coexisting with non-Spanish standard languages
7.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Ternate Chabacano
7.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Ternate Chabacano
7.3.3.3 Short text
7.3.3.4 Some sources of data
7.4 Summary
7.5 Key points
7.6 Exercises
8. Language in society
8.1 Sociology of language
8.1.1 Language attitudes
8.1.1.1 Attitudes and perception
8.1.1.2 Identity and accommodation
8.1.2 Language planning
8.1.2.1 Selecting the norm
8.1.2.2 Codifying the norm
8.1.3 Language policy
8.1.3.1 Official recognition
8.1.3.2 Language in education
8.2 Language and culture
8.2.1 Oral literature
8.2.1.1 Songs and drama
8.2.1.2 Folktales
8.2.1.3 Riddles and proverbs
8.2.2 Written literature
8.2.2.1 Prose, plays and poetry
8.2.2.2 Translations
8.2.3 Mass media
8.3 Snapshots
8.3.1 Nagamese: An Assamese-lexified extended pidgin (pidgincreole) in South Asia
8.3.1.1 A brief background sketch of Nagamese
8.3.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Nagamese
8.3.1.3 Short text
8.3.1.4 Some sources of data
8.3.2 Papiamentu: An Iberian-lexified creole in the Caribbean
8.3.2.1 A brief background sketch of Papiamentu
8.3.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Papiamentu
8.3.2.3 Short text
8.3.2.4 Some sources of data
8.3.3 Krio: An English-lexified creole in West Africa
8.3.3.1 A brief background sketch of Krio
8.3.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Krio
8.3.3.3 Short text
8.3.3.4 Some sources of data
8.4 Summary
8.5 Key points
8.6 Exercises
Part II. Linguistic features
Introduction to Part II
Genetic affiliation
Comparing languages, creating samples and the problem of bias
Extended pidgins (pidgincreoles) as a separate group
A brief note on statistics
9. Phonology
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Phoneme inventories
9.2.1 Pidgin phoneme inventories
9.2.2 Phoneme inventories of extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
9.2.3 Creole phoneme inventories
9.2.4 Phoneme inventories of mixed languages
9.3 Syllable structures
9.3.1 Pidgin syllable structures
9.3.2 Syllable structures in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
9.3.3 Creole syllable structures
9.3.4 Syllable structures in mixed languages
9.4 Tone
9.4.1 Tone in pidgin languages
9.4.2 Tone in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
9.4.3 Tone in creole languages
9.4.4 Tone in mixed languages
9.5 Snapshots
9.5.1 Tây Bòi: An extinct French-lexified pidgin in Vietnam
9.5.1.1 A brief background sketch of Tây Bòi
9.5.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Tây Bòi
9.5.1.3 Short text
9.5.1.4 Some sources of data
9.5.2 Nheengatú: A Tupinambá-lexified creole in Brazil
9.5.2.1 A brief background sketch of Nheengatú
9.5.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Nheengatú
9.5.2.3 Short text
9.5.2.4 Some sources of data
9.5.3 Gurindji Kriol: A Gurindji/Kriol mixed language in Australia
9.5.3.1 A brief background sketch of Gurindji Kriol
9.5.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Gurindji Kriol
9.5.3.3 Short text
9.5.3.4 Some sources of data
9.6 Summary
9.7 Key points
9.8 Exercises
10. Morphology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Synthesis
10.2.1 Synthesis in pidgin languages
10.2.2 Synthesis in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
10.2.3 Synthesis in creole languages
10.2.4 Synthesis in mixed languages
10.3 Reduplication
10.3.1 Reduplication in pidgin languages
10.3.2 Reduplication in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
10.3.3 Reduplication in creole languages
10.3.4 Reduplication in mixed languages
10.4 Snapshots
10.4.1 Turku: An extinct Arabic-lexified pidgin in Chad
10.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Turku
10.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Turku
10.4.1.3 Short text
10.4.1.4 Some sources of data
10.4.2 Sranan: An English-lexified creole in Suriname
10.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Sranan
10.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Sranan
10.4.2.3 Short text
10.4.2.4 Some sources of data
10.4.3 Media Lengua: A Spanish/Quechua mixed language in Ecuador
10.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Media Lengua
10.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Media Lengua
10.4.3.3 Short text
10.4.3.4 Some sources of data
10.5 Summary
10.6 Key points
10.7 Exercises
11. The noun phrase
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nominal plurality
11.2.1 Nominal plurality in pidgin languages
11.2.2 Nominal plurality in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
11.2.3 Nominal plurality in creole languages
11.2.4 Nominal plurality in mixed languages
11.3 Articles
11.3.1 Articles in pidgin languages
11.3.1.1 Definite articles
11.3.1.2 Indefinite articles
11.3.2 Articles in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
11.3.2.1 Definite articles
11.3.2.2 Indefinite articles
11.3.3 Articles in creole languages
11.3.3.1 Definite articles
11.3.3.2 Indefinite articles
11.3.4 Articles in mixed languages
11.3.4.1 Definite articles
11.3.4.2 Indefinite articles
11.4 Snapshots
11.4.1 Pidgin Hawaiian: An extinct Hawaiian-lexified pidgin on the Hawaiian Islands
11.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Pidgin Hawaiian
11.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Pidgin Hawaiian
11.4.1.3 Short text
11.4.1.4 Some sources of data
11.4.2 Cape Verdean Creole: A Portuguese-lexified creole on the Cape Verde Islands
11.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Cape Verdean Creole
11.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Cape Verdean Creole
11.4.2.3 Short text
11.4.2.4 Some sources of data
11.4.3 Shelta: A secret English/Irish mixed language in Ireland
11.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Shelta
11.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Shelta
11.4.3.3 Short text
11.4.3.4 Some sources of data
11.5 Summary
11.6 Key points
11.7 Exercises
12. The verb phrase and predication
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Tense, aspect and mood
12.2.1 Tense, aspect and mood in pidgin languages
12.2.1.1 Tense in pidgin languages
12.2.1.2 Aspect in pidgin languages
12.2.1.3 Mood in pidgin languages
12.2.2 Tense, aspect and mood in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
12.2.2.1 Tense in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
12.2.2.2 Aspect in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
12.2.2.3 Mood in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
12.2.3 Tense, aspect and mood in creole languages
12.2.3.1 Tense in creole languages
12.2.3.2 Aspect in creole languages
12.2.3.3 Mood in creole languages
12.2.3.4 The internal order of tense, mood and aspect markers in creole languages
12.2.3.5 The reading of the base form of verbs in creole languages
12.2.4 Tense, aspect and mood in mixed languages
12.3 Predication
12.3.1 Predication in pidgin languages
12.3.2 Predication in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
12.3.2.1 Predicative noun phrases in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
12.3.2.2 Predicative adjectives in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
12.3.3 Predication in creole languages
12.3.3.1 Predicative noun phrases in creole languages
12.3.3.2 Predicative adjectives in creole languages
12.3.4 Predication in mixed languages
12.4 Snapshots
12.4.1 Russenorsk: An extinct Russian/Norwegian pidgin in the Barents Sea
12.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Russenorsk
12.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Russenorsk
12.4.1.3 Short text
12.4.1.4 Some sources of data
12.4.2 Solomon Islands Pijin: An English-lexified extended pidgin (pidgincreole) on the Solomon I
12.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Solomon Islands Pijin
12.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Solomon Islands Pijin
12.4.2.3 Short text
12.4.2.4 Some sources of data
12.4.3 Palenquero: A Spanish-lexified creole in Colombia
12.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Palenquero
12.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Palenquero
12.4.3.3 Short text
12.4.3.4 Some sources of data
12.5 Summary
12.6 Key points
12.7 Exercises
13. Simple sentences
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Word order
13.2.1 Word order in pidgin languages
13.2.2 Word order in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
13.2.3 Word order in creole languages
13.2.4 Word order in mixed languages
13.3 Passive constructions
13.3.1 Passive constructions in pidgin languages
13.3.2 Passive constructions in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
13.3.3 Passive constructions in creole languages
13.3.4 Passive constructions in mixed languages
13.4 Snapshots
13.4.1 Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: A Nengee/Tiriyó-lexified pidgin in Suriname
13.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin
13.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin
13.4.1.3 Short text
13.4.1.4 Some sources of data
13.4.2 Fa d'Ambô: A Portuguese-lexified creole in Equatorial Guinea
13.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Fa d'Ambô
13.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Fa d'Ambô
13.4.2.3 Short text
13.4.2.4 Some sources of data
13.4.3 Mednyj Aleut: A Russian/Aleut mixed language on the Commander Islands
13.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Mednyj Aleut
13.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Mednyj Aleut
13.4.3.3 Short text
13.4.3.4 Some sources of data
13.5 Summary
13.6 Key points
13.7 Exercises
14. Complex sentences
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Relative clauses
14.2.1 Relative clauses in pidgin languages
14.2.2 Relative clauses in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
14.2.3 Relative clauses in creole languages
14.2.4 Relative clauses in mixed languages
14.3 Serial verb constructions
14.3.1 Serial verb constructions in pidgin languages
14.3.2 Serial verb constructions in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
14.3.3 Serial verb constructions in creole languages
14.3.4 Serial verb constructions in mixed languages
14.4 Snapshots
14.4.1 Mobilian Jargon: An extinct Muskogean-lexified pidgin in the USA
14.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Mobilian Jargon
14.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Mobilian Jargon
14.4.1.3 Short text
14.4.1.4 Some sources of data
14.4.2 Jamaican: An English-lexified creole in Jamaica
14.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Jamaican
14.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Jamaican
14.4.2.3 Short text
14.4.2.4 Some sources of data
14.4.3 Caló: A Spanish/Romani mixed language in Spain
14.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Caló
14.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Caló
14.4.3.3 Short text
14.4.3.4 Some sources of data
14.5 Summary
14.6 Key points
14.7 Exercises
15. Pragmatics
15.1 Negation
15.1.1 Negation in pidgin languages
15.1.2 Negation in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
15.1.3 Negation in creole languages
15.1.4 Negation in mixed languages
15.2 Polar questions
15.2.1 Polar questions in pidgin languages
15.2.2 Polar questions in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
15.2.3 Polar questions in creole languages
15.2.4 Polar questions in mixed languages
15.3 Politeness
15.3.1 Politeness in pidgin languages
15.3.2 Politeness in extended pidgins (pidgincreoles)
15.3.3 Politeness in creole languages
15.3.4 Politeness in mixed languages
15.4 Snapshots
15.4.1 Juba Arabic: An Arabic-lexified extended pidgin (pidgincreole) in Sudan
15.4.1.1 A brief background sketch of Juba Arabic
15.4.1.2 A short linguistic sketch of Juba Arabic
15.4.1.3 Short text
15.4.1.4 Some sources of data
15.4.2 Papiá Kristang: A Portuguese-lexified creole in Malaysia
15.4.2.1 A brief background sketch of Papiá Kristang
15.4.2.2 A short linguistic sketch of Papiá Kristang
15.4.2.3 Short text
15.4.2.4 Some sources of data
15.4.3 Angloromani: An English/Romani mixed language in Great Britain
15.4.3.1 A brief background sketch of Angloromani
15.4.3.2 A short linguistic sketch of Angloromani
15.4.3.3 Short text
15.4.3.4 Some sources of data
15.5 Summary
15.6 Key points
15.7 Exercises
Glossary
References
Index

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