The Banggai Cardinalfish

Preface x Acknowledgments xiii Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 The Banggai cardinalfish and a long rewarding experience 3 2 Historic Review 6 2.1 The improbable first encounter 6 2.2 Rediscovering the "King of the Cardinalfishes," and a prophecy realized 8 2.3 Other field studies 9 3 The Banggai Archipelago 11 4 Field Research in the Banggai Islands 21 4.1 Introduction 21 4.2 A challenging first expedition 22 Part II Natural History 29 5 Geographic Distribution 31 5.1 Introduction 31 5.2 The geographic distribution of Pterapogon kauderni within its natural range 33 5.3 The Luwuk population 36 5.4 The north Sulawesi populations 38 5.5 Other exotic populations 39 5.6 Discussion 40 6 General Survey of Morphology 46 6.1 Introduction and some particulars of the soft anatomy 46 6.2 Main osteological characteristics (Figure 6.2a, see Tables 6.1, 6.2 for selected body proportions and counts) 49 7 Reproductive Biology 58 7.1 General aspects of reproduction in Apogonidae 58 7.2 The reproductive biology of Pterapogon kauderni 75 8 Ecology 94 8.1 Main ecological aspects of Apogonidae 94 8.2 Habitat and microhabitat preference of Pterapogon kauderni 95 8.3 Common fish assemblages including Pterapogon kauderni 101 8.4 Group structure 102 8.5 Reproductive ecology 104 8.6 Trophic habits 109 8.7 Likely predators of Pterapogon kauderni 119 8.8 Natural occurrence of parasites in Pterapogon kauderni 120 9 Genetics 123 9.1 Introduction 123 9.2 Genetic structure in Pterapogon kauderni 124 9.3 Possible spot polymorphism 125 10 Systematics and Evolution 128 10.1 Introduction 128 10.2 Taxonomy of Pterapogon kauderni 130 10.3 Recent phylogenetic studies and intergeneric relationships of Pterapogon 131 10.4 Direct development and the Banggai-Australian connection: Could ontogeny and paleogeography provide hints about the origin and intergeneric relationships of Pterapogon? 132 10.5 Evolution of Apogonidae. The case for a freshwater-origin of the family 138 Part III Conservation 145 11 The Fishery of Pterapogon kauderni 147 11.1 Introduction: Pterapogon kauderni, a species particularly susceptible to high collection pressure 147 11.2 The history of the trade 149 11.3 Field surveys and a bleak conservation situation 150 11.4 The capture, handling and shipping of Pterapogon kauderni: high mortality explained 152 12 Conservation of Pterapogon kauderni, a Challenge Still Ahead 158 12.1 The unsuccessful proposal for regulating the capture and trade of Pterapogon kauderni 158 12.2 The real significance of Pterapogon kauderni in the local economy. Why the livelihood of the Banggai people should not be used as an excuse to prevaricate the protection of this species 160 12.3 The potential benefits of and resistance to regulate the capture and trade of Pterapogon kauderni 161 13 The Lembeh Conundrum, from a Careless Action to a Grave Conservation Situation 166 13.1 The "Lembeh population" and its impact in the Lembeh Strait 166 13.2 A word for the hobbyists 170 Part IV Appendix 173 14 Captive Breeding and Rearing of Pterapogon kauderni 175 14.1 Introduction 175 14.2 Reproduction 176 14.3 Nutritional aspects 181 14.4 Diseases: a new viral infection 183 References 186 Index 198 COMPANION WEBSITE This book has a companion website: www.wiley.com/go/vagelli/cardinalfish with Figures and Tables from the book for downloading