Deep Earth

Name: Deep Earth | Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle and Core
Brand: American Geophysical Union
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Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle and Core

Hidenori Terasaki Rebecca A. Fischer(Autor*in)

Hidenori Terasaki Rebecca A Fischer(Herausgeber*in)

American Geophysical Union (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 7. März 2016

312 Seiten

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Deep Earth: Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle and Core highlights recent advances and the latest views of the deep Earth from theoretical, experimental, and observational approaches and offers insight into future research directions on the deep Earth, In recent years, we have just reached a stage where we can perform measurements at the conditions of the center part of the Earth using state-of-the-art techniques, and many reports on the physical and chemical properties of the deep Earth have come out very recently, Novel theoretical models have been complementary to this breakthrough, These new inputs enable us to compare directly with results of precise geophysical and geochemical observations, This volume highlights the recent significant advancements in our understanding of the deep Earth that have occurred as a result, including contributions from mineral/rock physics, geophysics, and geochemistry that relate to the topics of:

I, Thermal structure of the lower mantle and core

II, Structure, anisotropy, and plasticity of deep Earth materials

III, Physical properties of the deep interior

IV, Chemistry and phase relations in the lower mantle and core

V, Volatiles in the deep Earth

The volume will be a valuable resource for researchers and students who study the Earth's interior, The topics of this volume are multidisciplinary, and therefore will be useful to students from a wide variety of fields in the Earth Sciences,

Hidenori Terasaki is a Professor in the Department of Earth and Space Science at Osaka University, Hidenori's research focuses on studying the earth interior composition, with particular emphasis on measuring density, viscosity, interfacial tension, temperature and pressure related to mantle and core properties and formation, He is a recipient of the young scientist research award in the Mineralogical Society of Japan and Japan Society of High Pressure Science and Technology, He is a member of the American Geophysical Union, The Japan Society of High Pressure Science and Technology, The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences and The Japanese Society for Planetary Science,

Rebecca Fischer is a PhD candidate in the Department of the Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago, Her research focuses on the formation and chemical evolution of the Earth, with particular focus emphasis on the physical and chemical properties of minerals and melts at extreme conditions, She uses diamond anvil cells and laser-heating to experimentally recreate the high pressures (up to >150 GPa) and high temperatures (several thousand K) of the Earth's deep interior, combined with numerical simulations of accretion, She has been the recipient of organizational fellowships and scholarships (NSF) for her scholarly research on the Interior of the Earth,

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Inhalt

Intro
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
Part I: Thermal Strucure of Deep Earth
1 Melting of Fe Alloys and the Thermal Structure of the Core
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF MELTING
1.3. RESULTS ON MELTING OF IRON
1.4. RESULTS ON MELTING OF IRON-RICH ALLOYS
1.5. APPLICATION TO THE THERMAL STRUCTURE OF THE CORE
1.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2 Temperature of the Lower Mantle and Core Based on Ab Initio Mineral Physics Data
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. AB INITIO METHODS FOR MINERAL PHYSICS
2.3. ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES
2.4. THERMAL STRUCTURE IN D? LAYER
2.5. CMB HEAT FLOW
2.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 Heat Transfer in the Core and Mantle
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF EARTH'S CORE
3.3. MANTLE
3.4. HEAT TRANSPORT ACROSS CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY
REFERENCES
4 Thermal State and Evolution of the Earth Core and Deep Mantle
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. PRIMER ON THERMAL EVOLUTION OF EARTH
4.3. THERMAL EVOLUTION OF CORE
4.4. IMPLICATIONS FOR THERMAL EVOLUTION OF EARTH
4.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part II: Structures, Anisotropy, and Plasticity of Deep Earth Materials
5 Crystal Structures of Core Materials
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.3. THE FE-H SYSTEM
5.4. THE FE-C SYSTEM
5.5. THE FE-O SYSTEM
5.6. THE FE-SI SYSTEM
5.7. THE FE-P SYSTEM
5.8. THE FE-S SYSTEM
5.9. OTHER LIGHT ELEMENTS
5.10. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE
REFERENCES
6 Crystal Structures of Minerals in the Lower Mantle
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. BRIDGMANITE, (Mg,Fe)SiO3
6.3. FERROPERICLASE, (Mg,Fe)O
6.4. CaSiO3 PEROVSKITE
6.5. CaIrO3-TYPE POST-PEROVSKITE PHASE
6.6. SiO2 POLYMORPHS
6.7. ALUMINOUS PHASES
6.8. POSSIBLE HYDROUS PHASES
6.9. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
7 Deformation of Core and Lower Mantle Materials
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. METHODS
7.3. LOWER MANTLE
7.4. D? LAYER
7.5. INNER CORE
7.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
8 Using Mineral Analogs to Understand the Deep Earth
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. ANALOGS OF EARTH'S CORE MATERIALS
8.3. MIMICKING LOWERMOST MANTLE
8.4. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part III: Physical Properties of Deep Interior
9 Ground Truth
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. MODELS AND DATA
9.3. CORE WAVE SPEED MODELS
9.4. ANISOTROPY AND INNER CORE
9.5. LIQUID OUTER CORE
9.6. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
10 Physical Properties of the Inner Core
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
11 Physical Properties of the Outer Core
11.1. INTRODUCTION
11.2. DENSITY AND COMPRESSIBILITY OF LIQUID Fe ALLOYS
11.3. SOUND VELOCITY OF LIQUID Fe ALLOYS
11.4. CONSTRAINTS ON THE OUTER CORE COMPOSITION FROM DENSITY AND SOUND VELOCITY
11.5. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF LIQUID Fe ALLOYS
11.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Part IV: Chemistry and Phase Relations of Deep Interior
12 The Composition of the Lower Mantle and Core
12.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2. CHONDRITES: BUILDING BLOCKS OF TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
12.3. COMPOSITIONAL MODEL FOR CORE
12.4. COMPOSITIONAL MODEL FOR BULK SILICATE EARTH (BSE) AND LOWER MANTLE
12.5. OUTSTANDING ISSUES AND WHAT LURKS DEEP IN MANTLE
12.6. FUTURE PROSPECTS
REFERENCES
13 Metal-Silicate Partitioning of Siderophile Elements and Core-Mantle Segregation
13.1. PLANETARY DIFFERENTIATION AND CORE-MANTLE SEGREGATION
13.2. EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL OF P, T, FO2 AND COMPOSITION
13.3. METAL-SILICATE PARTITIONING
13.4. MODELING OF SIDEROPHILE ELEMENTS
13.5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
14 Mechanisms and Geochemical Models of Core Formation
14.1. INTRODUCTION
14.2. MECHANISMS OF METAL-SILICATE SEGREGATION
14.3. GEOCHEMICAL MODELS OF CORE FORMATION
14.4. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
15 Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamics of Core Materials
15.1. INTRODUCTION
15.2. THERMODYNAMIC BASIS
15.3. APPLICATION TO EXPERIMENTAL MELTING TEMPERATURES
15.4. PHASE RELATIONS AT ICB CONDITIONS
15.5. OUTLOOK
REFERENCES
16 Chemistry of Core-Mantle Boundary
16.1. INTRODUCTION
16.2. INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR CMB CHEMISTRY
16.3. METAL-SILICATE EQUILIBRIA
16.4. DYNAMICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF CMB REACTIONS
16.5. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
17 Phase Transition and Melting in the Deep Lower Mantle
17.1. INTRODUCTION
17.2. POST-PEROVSKITE PHASE TRANSITION
17.3. H-PHASE?
17.4. MELTING UNDER DEEP LOWER MANTLE PRESSURES
17.5. GEOPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS
17.6. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
18 Chemistry of the Lower Mantle
18.1. INTRODUCTION
18.2. EVIDENCE FOR CHEMICALLY DISTINCT LOWER MANTLE
18.3. POTENTIAL ORIGINS OF CHEMICALLY DISTINCT LOWER MANTLE
18.4. MINERALOGY AND CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE LOWER MANTLE
18.5 LOWER MANTLE MINERAL COMPOSITIONS
18.6. OXIDATION STATE OF IRON BRIDGMANITE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
18.7. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
19 Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamics of Lower Mantle Materials
19.1. INTRODUCTION
19.2. METHODS FOR DETERMINING PHASE EQUILIBRIA
19.3. THERMODYNAMICS AND STABILITY
19.4. PHASE DIAGRAMS OF LOWER MANTLE MINERALS
19.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part V: Volatiles in Deep Interior
20 Hydrogen in the Earth's Core: Review of the Structural, Elastic, and Thermodynamic Properties of Iron-Hydrogen Alloys
20.1. INTRODUCTION
20.2. STABLE PHASES OF IRON-HYDROGEN ALLOYS
20.3. HIGH-PRESSURE PROPERTIES OF FeH
20.4. HYDROGEN IN EARTH'S CORE
20.5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
21 Stability of Hydrous Minerals and Water Reservoirs in the Deep Earth Interior
21.1. INTRODUCTION
21.2. HYDROUS MINERALS AND NOMINALLY ANHYDROUS MINERALS
21.3. EXISTENCE OF NEW HYDROUS PHASE, MgSiO2(OH)2 (PHASE H) AND ITS RELATION TO d-ALOOH
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
22 Carbon in the Core
22.1. INTRODUCTION
22.2. COSMOCHEMICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS ON EARTH'S CARBON BUDGET
22.3. CARBON CONTENT OF CORE FROM SOLUBILITY AND PARTITIONING EXPERIMENTS
22.4. MINERAL PHYSICS CONSTRAINTS ON CARBON IN CORE
22.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND IMPLICATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
INDEX
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