Cyber Infrastructure for the Smart Electric Grid

1 Introduction to the Smart Grid 1

1.1 Overview of the electric power grid 1

1.2 What can go wrong in power grid operation 12

1.3 Learning from past events 14

1.4 Towards a smarter electric grid 18

1.5 Summary 20

1.6 Problems 20

1.7 Questions 22

2 Sense, communicate, compute and control in secure way 23

2.1 Sensing in smart grid 25

2.2 Communication infrastructure in smart grid 37

2.3 Computational infrastructure and control requirements in smart grid 38

2.4 Cyber security in smart grid 43

2.5 Summary 45

2.6 Problems 45

2.7 Questions 47

3 Smart Grid Operational Structure and Standards 49

3.1 Organization to ensure system reliability 53

3.2 Smart grid standards and interoperability 56

3.3 Operational structure in the rest of the world 58

3.4 Summary 58

3.5 Problems 59

3.6 Questions 60

4 Communication performance and factors that Affect it 63

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Propagation Delay 66

4.3 Transmission Delay 67

4.4 Queuing Delay and Jitter 69

4.5 Processing Delay 73

4.6 Delay in Multi-hop networks 73

4.7 Data Loss and Corruption 74

4.8 Summary 76

4.9 Exercises 76

5 Layered communication model 81

5.1 Introduction 81

5.2 Physical layer 86

5.3 Link layer: service models 87

5.4 Network layer: addressing and routing 92

5.5 Transport layer: datagram and stream protocols 100

5.6 Application layer 107

5.7 Glue protocols: ARP, DNS 109

5.8 Comparison between OST and TCP/IP models 112

5.9 Summary 113

5.10 Problems 113

5.11 Questions 115

6 Power system application-layer protocols 117

6.1 Introduction 117

6.2 SCADA protocols 118

6.3 ICCP 125

6.4 C37.118 127

6.5 Smart metering and distributed energy resources 129

6.6 Time synchronization 132

6.7 Summary 134

6.8 Problems 134

6.9 Questions 136

7 Utility IT infrastructures for control center and Fault-tolerant computing 137

7.1 Conventional control centers 137

7.2 Modern Control Centers 141

7.3 Future Control Centers 143

7.4 UML, XML, RDF,and CIM 145

7.5 Basics of Fault-tolerant computing 154

7.6 Cloud computing 157

7.7 Summary 159

7.8 Problems 160

7.9 Questions 161

8 Basic security concepts, cryptographic protocols, and access control 163

8.1 Introduction 163

8.2 Basic Cybersecurity Concepts and Threats to Power systems 164

8.3 The CIA Triad and Other Core Security Properties 168

8.4 Introduction to Encryption and Authentication 178

8.5 Cryptography in power systems 182

8.6 Access control 187

8.7 Summary 189

8.8 Problems 190

8.9 Questions 191

9 Network attacks and protection 193

9.1 Attacks to network communications 193

9.2 Mitigation mechanisms against network attacks 202

9.3 Network protection through rewalls 208

9.4 Intrusion detection 210

9.5 Summary 214

9.6 Problems 214

9.7 Questions 216

10 Vulnerabilities, and Risk Management 217

10.1 System vulnerabilities 217

10.2 Security mechanisms: Access control and Malware Detection 229

10.3 Assurance and Evaluation 233

10.4 Compliance: Industrial practice to implement NERC CIP 241

10.5 Summary 242

10.6 Problems 243

10.7 Questions 244

11 Smart grid case studies 245

11.1 Smart Grid Demonstration Projects 245

11.2 Smart grid metrics 249

11.3 Smart Grid Challenges: Attack case-studies 250

11.4 Mitigation using NIST Cybersecurity Framework 257

11.5 Summary 259

11.6 Problems 259

11.7 Questions 261Index