Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy
Erschienen am 2. Dezember 2012
915 Seiten
978-0-444-59699-4 (ISBN)
Beschreibung
Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Volume 1 offers a comprehensive account of radioactivity and related low-energy phenomena. It summarizes progress in the field of alpha-, beta- and gamma-ray spectroscopy, including the discovery of the non-conservation of parity, as well as new experimental methods that elucidate the processes of weak interactions in general and beta-decay in particular. Comprised of 14 chapters, the book presents experimental methods and theoretical discussions and calculations to maintain the link between experiment and theory. It begins with a discussion of the interaction of electrons and alpha particles with matter. The book explains the elastic scattering of electrons by atomic nuclei and the interaction between gamma-radiation and matter. It then introduces topic on beta-ray spectrometer theory and design and crystal diffraction spectroscopy of nuclear gamma rays. Moreover, the book discusses the applications of the scintillation counter; proportional counting in gases; and the general processes and procedures used in determining disintegration schemes through a study of the beta- and gamma-rays emitted. In addition, it covers the nuclear shell model; collective nuclear motion and the unified model; and alpha-decay conservation laws. The emissions of gamma-radiation during charged particle bombardment and from fission fragments, as well as the neutron-capture radiation spectroscopy, are also explained. Experimentalists will find this book extremely useful.
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Inhalt
PrefaceContents of Volumes 1 and 2List of ContributorsAlpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy, IntroductionChapter I Interaction of Electrons and a-Particles with Matter Interaction of Electrons 1. Elastic scattering of electrons by atomic nuclei 2. Energy loss Interaction of a-Particles 3. Energy loss 4. Elastic scatteringChapter II Interaction of ¿-Radiation with Matter 1. Introduction 2. Photoelectric effect 3. Scattering by electrons 4. Pair production 5. Nuclear interactions and Delbrück scattering 6. Total attenuation coefficients 7. Absorption methodsChapter III Beta-Ray Spectrometer Theory and Design. Magnetic Alpha-Ray Spectroscopy. High Resolution Spectroscopy 1. Introduction. General discussion of spectrometers 2. Some basic relations in ß-spectroscopy 3. Nomenclature 4. The semicircular spectrometer 5. The double focussing spectrometer 6. Sector field spectrometers 7. Some proposed high transmission instruments 8. Lens spectrometers 9. Magnetic a-ray spectroscopes 10. Electrostatic spectrometers 11. Precision spectroscopyChapter IV Crystal Diffraction Spectroscopy of Nuclear ¿-Rays 1. Introduction 2. Theory of crystal diffraction spectrometers 3. Curved crystal spectrometers 4. A flat crystal spectrometerChapter V The Scintillation Method 1. The scintillation counter 2. Methods for charged particle spectrometry 3. Methods for ¿-rays 4. Factors affecting resolution 5. Crystal preparation and mounting 6. Crystal efficiency and linearity 7. Coincidence spectrometryChapter VI Particular Detection Methods (A) Proportional Counters and Pulse Ion Chambers 1. Introduction 2. Volts per ion pair, W 3. Statistical fluctuations in pulse size and resolution 4. Ion chambers for alpha-particle spectroscopy 5. Proportional-counter alpha-spectroscopy 6. Proportional counters for beta and gamma-ray spectroscopy 7. Low background counting 8. Carbon-14 age determinations 9. Other applications of proportional counters 10. High-pressure proportional counters 11. High-temperature counters 12. ¿p counters for absolute activity measurements 13. Conclusion (B) Semiconductor Particle Spectrometers 1. Introduction 2. Charge collection 3. Detector noise 4. Radiation damage 5. Electronics 6. Detectors types 7. Application to nuclear physicsChapter VII Some Experimental Techniques (A) Sample and Window Technique 1. Introduction 2. Thin foil and film technique 3. Estimation of foil thickness 4. Deposition technique 5. Window absorption correction 6. Acceleration of electrons (B) Intensity Determination of Photographically Recorded Conversion Lines (C) Multi-Channel Pulse-Amplitude Analyzers 1. Introduction 2. Multi-discriminator analyzers 3. Gray-wedge analyzers 4. Amplitude-time conversion 5. Computer storage techniques applied to analyzers 6. Description of a typical analyzer with magnetic-core storage 7. Multi-parameter analyzers 8. Multi-sealer applications of analyzers (D) Measurement of Source Strength 1. Introduction 2. Direct counting methods 3. Coincidence counting 4. Choice of counting method 5. Indirect methodsChapter VIII Procedures for the Investigation of Disintegration Schemes (A) General Procedures 1. Introduction 2. The preparation of the source material 3. The calibration of instruments 4. The search for ¿-rays and the measurement of their energy 5. The determination of the relative intensity of ¿-rays 6.
