
Oxford Handbook of Egyptology
Beschreibung
Weitere Details
Weitere Ausgaben
Inhalt
- Cover
- The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- List of Contributors
- Introduction: Egyptology in the twenty-first century: an historical curiosity or setting new agendas in multidisciplinary research?
- Stretching Egyptology beyond European and American perspectives
- Issues concerning cultural heritage
- Investigating archaeological landscapes
- Science in Egyptology
- Archaeological practice and multi-disciplinarity
- Debates in ethnicity, human mobility, and cross-cultural contact
- Society and culture: viewpoints from texts and iconography
- Problems in the construction of historical narratives
- Contexts and problem-oriented approaches
- Bibliography
- Part I: Egyptology: Perspectives on a Discipline
- Chapter 1: The nature and history of Egyptology
- Introduction
- Ancient sources
- Medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment sources
- The Napoleonic invasion
- The early to mid-nineteenth century
- The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
- Twentieth-century Egyptology
- Histories of Egyptology
- Acknowledgements
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 2: Egyptology and cognate disciplines
- Introduction: a problematic birth
- Classification, translation, and identity
- Egyptology and its objects
- Writing ancient Egyptian history
- Literary artefacts and modes of performance
- Art, cognition, and object biographies
- Conclusion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 3: Egyptology in China
- History: ancient Chinese works, early Chinese tourists, and the founding of Egyptology in China
- The first Chinese doctorate in Egyptology
- Egyptology as a part of general ancient world history
- Establishing of IHAC
- Teaching and resourcing Egyptology in China
- Teaching: the view from IHAC
- Egyptological research in China: past influences and current trends
- Current research agendas
- Popularizing Egyptology in China
- International collaboration: the way forward
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 4: Reception of ancient Egypt
- Scope and history of research
- Sketch of the historical development
- The beginning of scientific Egyptology and the persistence of pre-Egyptological concepts
- The different storylines of the history of art and objects
- The study of reception: topics, diversity, and interchange
- Afrocentrism
- Future research approaches
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Part II: The Natural Environment: Studying the Macro and Micro-Level
- Chapter 5: Landscapes and environmental history of the Nile valley: A critical review and prospectus
- Introduction: was the primeval Nile valley a marsh?
- Sub-saharan analogues for a free-draining, convex floodplain
- A closer approximation for pharaonic irrigation
- Critique of the Alleaume thesis on irrigation
- A manageable Delta
- Questions about the Faiyum
- Woodland habitats on a free-draining floodplain
- Sacred and ornamental trees
- A desert-edge ecotone (i.e. spatial transition between clusters of habitats)
- Discussion of the biotic landscape
- Geoarchaeology and environmental history: Giza as a case study
- Trends and oscillations of the Nile floods
- The wider picture of fluctuations in the level of the annual Nile flood
- Minor Nile branches near the Giza pyramids
- The challenge of poor floods
- Aeolian sands versus alluvial wash
- Exceptional desert flooding
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 6: Flora of ancient Egypt
- Introduction
- Brief history of archaeobotany
- Artistic evidence
- Objects placed in funerary contexts
- Textual evidence
- Archaeobotanical evidence from settlement sites
- Sampling methods
- Species present in ancient Egypt
- Cereals
- Other edible plants
- Oils and fibre-plants
- Wild grasses
- Reeds and sedges
- Legumes
- Other wild/weed species
- Trees and palms
- Discussion: current and future research
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 7: Ancient Egyptian fauna
- Introduction
- Sources
- Brief history of Egyptian faunal studies
- Current archaeozoology: a combination of methods
- Current concerns and future work
- Suggested Reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 8: The mineral world: Studying landscapes of procurement
- Introduction
- Researching procurement landscapes: a brief history
- Landscape archaeology and the holistic study of procurement sites
- Practical and theoretical approaches to analysing procurement landscapes: new approaches and case studies
- The Aswan West Bank: deep histories
- The Wadi Hammamat: a landscape of contact
- Future directions: comparative archaeological approaches and local Egyptian initiatives
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Part III: Archaeological Landscapes: Surveying, Characterizing, and Managing
- Chapter 9: Mapping and topography
- Introduction: the history of mapping Egypt
- Applying cartography to archaeological investigations
- Remote sensing
- The EES Survey of Memphis
- The problems and challenges of remote sensing
- Topography
- The natural environment
- Discussion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 10: Recording rock inscriptions: Methods and challenges from an Egyptian perspective
- Introduction
- Overview of epigraphic research methods used in Egypt
- The history of epigraphic research in Aswan
- The Aswan First Cataract: an overview of epigraphic survey work undertaken in the region
- Recent fieldwork
- The survey work of the Ancient Quarries and Mines Department
- Case Study 1: recording the rock inscriptions of the First Cataract region
- Documentation methods
- Case Study 2: the central Wadi Hammamat
- History of epigraphic research in the Wadi Hammamat
- Problems and challenges
- English-Egyptian joint mission to Wadi Hammamat
- Methodology
- Conclusion and discussion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 11: Cultural heritage management in Egypt: Community-based strategies, problems, and possibilities
- Introduction
- Cultural heritage management in Egypt: what is the state of play?
- Community-based heritage: the critique
- Implementing community-based heritage initiatives in Egypt: an overview
- Marginalization and the problem of 'top down' management and bureaucracy
- Case study 1. The central Wadi Hammamat: a peopled landscape
- The communities and potential threats at Wadi Hammamat
- Communicating a deeper history: stakeholder awareness and expanding the educational, touristic, and economic benefits locally
- Case study 2. Aswan: new directions in balancing heritage protection with local livelihoods
- Local dialogues and the case of re-directing modern quarrying and mining
- Issues still to be resolved: the influence of top down bureaucracy, control and sectional conflict
- Conclusions and discussion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 12: Methods of site survey and excavation in Egypt
- Introduction
- Survey methodology
- Excavation and recording methodology
- Stratigraphic units and single context recording
- Layers and levels (Schichten, Planum)
- Work-step recording (Fundstellen)
- Lot-and-locus system
- Section recording
- The stratigraphic matrix
- Discussion
- A case study
- Current issues-methodology and training
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Part IV: Material Culture
- Chapter 13: Studying materials and technology: Introduction
- Introduction
- The study of materials and technology in Egyptology
- Ethno-archaeology and experimental archaeology
- The future for materials and technology in Egyptology
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 14: Settlement archaeology and the contextualization of domestic artefacts
- Introduction
- A brief history of settlement archaeology in Egypt and Nubia
- Amarna
- Deir el-Medina
- The influence of prehistory on settlement archaeology
- Areas of progress and debate in the archaeology and understanding of ancient Egyptian settlements
- Demographics and population estimates
- Ephemeral settlements and encampments
- Understanding the relationships between people and mud-brick buildings
- Strategies and problems in settlement archaeology in Egypt: the Gurob Harem Palace Project as case study
- Studying tools and domestic artefacts in their urban contexts
- Examining artefacts within their original contexts
- Refuse disposal mechanisms: exposing the hinterlands and afterlives of workshops
- Conclusions and discussion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 15: Ancient Egyptian pottery
- Introduction
- History
- Fabrics: Vienna System
- Other fabric classification systems
- Scientific technologies used for analysis of ancient ceramics (overview)
- Quantitative analysis
- Typology
- Why a good drawing is important
- Manufacture
- Function of vessels
- Strategies to tackle ceramics: consideration of context
- The art of discarding ceramics from archaeological excavations
- Going back to material from old excavations
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 16: Textiles
- Introduction
- Linen
- Current excavations
- Linen production
- Storage
- Cultivation and processing
- Looms
- Uses of linen
- Coloured and patterned textiles
- What linen means
- Status and economic values
- The future for the past
- Conclusions
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 17: Funerary equipment
- Introduction
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 18: Seals and scarabs
- Introduction: seals and sealing in ancient Egypt
- Pseudo-seals and amulet seals
- The seal-devices
- Cylinder seals
- Shape types of cylinder seals
- Sealing-surfaces of cylinder seals
- Stamp seals and stamp-seal amulets
- Stamp-seal terminology
- Shape types of non-scarab stamp seals
- Sealing-surface and seal-impressions of non-scarab stamp seals
- Scarabs
- Scarab terminology
- Back design of scarabs
- Bottom design of scarabs
- Use of scarabs
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 19: Mummies and physical anthropology
- Sources of information
- The early history of mummies
- The era of unwrapping
- The birth of complex mummy studies
- Holistic mummy studies
- Current work using science and ancient remains
- Imaging
- Palaeopathology and histology
- Other technologies, specialities, and the resulting data
- The future of the study of human remains
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 20: Ancient Egyptian architecture
- Introduction
- Discovering ancient Egyptian architecture
- Internal space, external shape, and landscape
- From the project to the building
- Materials and construction techniques
- Conclusions and future directions of research
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 21: Statuary
- Introduction
- Reception, acquisition, and excavation of statuary
- Publication and study of Egyptian statuary
- Materials and manufacture
- Statue forms
- Divine statues
- Royal statues
- Non-royal statues
- Suggested Reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 22: Relief sculpture
- Introduction
- Types of relief sculpture
- Carving techniques
- Historical development of relief sculpture
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Part V: Egypt and its Neighbours: Revisiting Cross-Border Relationships
- Chapter 23: Africa south of Egypt
- Introduction
- Names and terminology
- The Nile Valley south of Egypt
- Prehistory
- The First Intermediate Period
- The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period
- New Kingdom
- The emergence of Napata
- Later Napatan period
- Meroitic period
- Discussion: beyond Meroe
- Suggested Reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 24: The Libyans
- Introduction
- Names
- Environment, culture, and geography
- The environment
- The Egyptian view of the Libyans: cosmology and history
- Iconographic evidence
- Libyan material culture in the New Kingdom: interpreting the archaeological evidence
- The Libyans in the Third Intermediate Period in Egypt
- Discussion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 25: Western Asia
- Introduction
- Background to the study of Western Asia in Egyptology: past influences and current trends
- Interdisciplinary work
- Theoretical models
- Ideological representation
- Identification and interpretation of 'foreign' materials
- Chronological synchronization
- Case studies
- Uruk, Egypt, Canaan, and the rise of the early state
- Discussion
- The Bronze Age Empire
- Future directions of research
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 26: The Aegean
- Introduction
- Chronology
- The Thera eruption
- LH IIIA2, Amarna, and Uluburun
- Contact routes
- Texts and inscriptions
- Artefacts and iconography
- Egypt in the Aegean
- The Aegean in Egypt
- The Tell el-Dab'a wall paintings
- The Theban tomb scenes
- Future research
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Addendum
- Part VI: Egyptian History: Exploring Sources and Interpretative Frameworks
- Chapter 27: The Predynastic Period
- Introduction
- The origins of the Predynastic cultures
- Social structure
- Predynastic iconography
- The relationships between early Egypt and the Near East
- The origins of Egyptian kingship
- Future directions of research on Predynastic cultures
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 28: The Early Dynastic Period
- Introduction
- Egyptianness versus otherness
- Development of media
- Functions of writing, and its relevance for society in the perspective of sociology of knowledge
- A case-study in media, ideology, and politics: the dual kingship of Narmer
- Processes and structures in Early Dynastic history
- Events in Early Dynastic history
- Names and individuals in Early Dynastic history
- Memories of the Early Dynastic Period in later Egyptian history
- Epilogue: the dark side of history
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 29: The Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period
- An historical outline
- Available data on monuments
- Available textual data
- Data deriving from settlements
- Specific historical issues
- Periods and dating
- The Fourth Dynasty
- The Fifth Dynasty
- The Sixth Dynasty
- The end of the Old Kingdom
- The length of the First Intermediate Period
- The Ninth and Tenth Dynasties
- The 'reunification'
- Suggested Reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 30: The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period
- Introduction: the sources of data
- The Eleventh Dynasty
- The Twelfth Dynasty
- The Thirteenth Dynasty
- The Second Intermediate Period: general issues
- The 'Hyksos' culture and rulers
- The Theban dynasties
- Future directions of research
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 31: The New Kingdom
- Introduction: historical overview
- The Eighteenth Dynasty
- The Nineteenth Dynasty
- The Twentieth Dynasty
- Sources for New Kingdom history
- Funerary data
- Settlement data
- Future directions of research into New Kingdom history
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 32: The Third Intermediate Period
- Introduction
- Dynasty 21
- Dynasty 22
- Dynasty 23
- Dynasty 22A (Herakleopolitan/Theban Dynasty 23)
- Dynasty 24/Dynasty 26
- Other Egyptian kings not belonging to Dynasties 22, 22A, 23, or 24
- The Twenty-fifth Dynasty
- The Dynasties and their kings
- Suggested Reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 33: Egypt in the Late Period
- Introduction
- The Twenty-sixth Dynasty
- The Twenty-seventh Dynasty
- The Twenty-eighth to Thirty-first Dynasties
- Future directions for research on Late Period history
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 34: The Ptolemaic and Roman periods
- Introduction
- Art and material culture in the Ptolemaic period
- Ptolemaic and Roman religion and temples
- The priesthood in the Ptolemaic period, and the importance of Memphis
- Hellenistic and Roman cults in Egypt
- Christianity
- Egypt's place in the Roman Empire
- The administration of Roman Egypt
- Ptolemaic and Roman archaeology in Egypt
- Alexandria
- Naukratis
- Memphis
- Conclusions and future research directions
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Part VII: Society and culture: Textual and Iconographic approaches
- Chapter 35: National administration
- Introduction
- The sources and research
- Writing and archaeology
- Titles
- Early Dynastic Period
- Old Kingdom
- Middle Kingdom
- New Kingdom
- Third Intermediate Period and Late Period
- Conclusion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 36: Localadministration
- Introduction and research questions
- Settlement patterns
- Provinces: the nome system
- The Old Kingdom
- The Middle Kingdom
- The New Kingdom
- Offices and structures
- Control of individuals
- Village administration and local councils
- Local administration of law
- Conclusions
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 37: Law
- Introduction
- Terms and concepts
- The Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period
- Property and its transmission
- Women's rights, marriage, and divorce
- Legal transactions and their documentation
- Royal decrees
- Tribunals, court proceedings, and punishment
- The Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period
- Property
- Legal transactions and their documentation
- Women's rights, marriage, and divorce
- Tribunals, court proceedings, and punishment
- The New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period
- Women's rights, marriage, and divorce
- Legal transactions and their documentation
- Tribunals, court proceedings, and punishment
- Suggested Reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 38: Genealogies
- Introduction
- Modern research into Egyptian genealogy
- Early Dynastic to Old Kingdom
- Middle Kingdom
- New Kingdom
- Deir el-Medina
- Twentieth to Twenty-second Dynasties
- Late Period
- Ptolemaic period to Roman period
- Conclusion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 39: Gods, mythology, and cosmology
- Introduction
- Sources
- The gods
- Gods reflected in animals
- Multiple forms and names
- Myth
- The Osirian myth complex
- Creation of the universe
- The solar eye
- Myths in cultural dynamics
- Cosmology
- Conclusion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 40: Symbolism and religious iconography
- Introduction: the origins of Egyptian symbolism
- The types and uses of symbols
- Symbolic landscapes and their inhabitants
- Discussion: studies of Egyptian symbolism-challenges and future directions
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 41: Theology
- Introduction
- Nome Monographs and Mythological Manuals
- Other priestly sciences
- Commentaries and discursive texts
- Readership of theological texts
- Dating the sources
- Historical development
- Conclusion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 42: Funerary beliefs and practices
- The Osiris myth
- Funerary rituals
- The 'Night of the Vigil'
- The procession to the tomb
- The 'Opening of the Mouth' ritual
- The mortuary cult
- Discussion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Part VIII: Scripts and Philology
- Chapter 43: Scripts
- Representing language: general principles
- Categories of signs
- The word level
- Determinatives/classifiers
- Historical sketch
- Origins and early development
- Hieroglyphic writing
- Linear hieroglyphs
- Hieratic
- Abnormal hieratic and demotic
- Cultural contacts and influences
- Obsolescence
- Coptic
- Pictoriality and iconicity
- High-cultural dimensions
- Registers of writing in a di(/tri-)graphic culture
- A hieroglyphic tradition
- Ludic dimensions and enigmatic writing
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 44: Lexicography
- The history of lexicography
- From the decipherment of hieroglyphs to the beginning of work on the Wörterbuch
- The Wörterbuch
- After the Wörterbuch
- Lexicography today
- Specificities of the lexicography of ancient Egyptian
- Current research
- Writing a dictionary today: database vs. dictionary
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 45: Grammar
- Introduction
- Coptic grammars
- Hieroglyphic Egyptian grammars: early progress
- The 'Berlin School'
- British research into Egyptian grammar
- Polotsky and the 'Standard Theory'
- Post-Polotsky developments: the gradual abandonment of Standard Theory
- Recent developments
- Bibliography
- Chapter 46: History of the Egyptian language
- Introduction: periodization of the language
- Elements of a cultural and social history
- Linguistic history: a selective presentation
- The Afroasiatic background
- Phonology
- Nominal morphology and syntax
- Verbal morphology
- Functional domains
- Some further changes
- Earlier and Later Egyptian
- Mechanisms and factors of change
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Part IX: Textual Genres: Current Positions and Future directions
- Chapter 47: Orality and literacy in ancient Egypt
- Introduction
- Chronological developments
- Current debates
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 48: Historical texts
- Introduction: definitions and source material
- Chronicles
- Royal annals
- King lists
- Royal narratives
- Warfare
- Building activities
- Private narratives
- Future directions in the study of historical texts
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 49: 'Autobiographical' texts
- Introduction: the nature of Egyptian autobiographies
- Autobiography in the Old Kingdom
- The First Intermediate Period
- The Middle Kingdom
- The New Kingdom
- Third Intermediate Period
- The Late Period and Ptolemaic and Roman periods
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 50: Literary texts
- Introduction
- Definition of 'literature'
- 'Instructions'
- 'Fine speaking'
- Biographies or travel narratives
- Use and context
- A note on transcription
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 51: Socio-economic texts
- Introduction
- Script, language, and material
- Methodologies
- Information available
- Controversies
- Problems and prospects for future study
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 52: Mathematical texts
- Introduction
- Sources
- Characteristics of Egyptian mathematical texts
- Social and cultural setting
- Historiography and controversies
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 53: Texts for healing and protection
- Introduction
- The Egyptological distinction between 'magical' and 'medical' texts
- Formal features of manuscripts
- Who were the users of the texts for healing and protection?
- Texts on other objects
- Texts for healing and protection as sources
- Current approaches and research priorities
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 54: Letters
- Introduction
- Definition of Letters
- Purpose of Correspondence
- Writing Materials used for Letters
- Formats used for Letters
- Chronological survey of letters
- Letters as source material
- Women's correspondence
- Letters to the dead and gods
- Model and literary letters
- Problems in understanding letters
- New research possibilities
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 55: Demotic texts
- Introduction: definition of demotic
- Corpora and publications of museum holdings
- Documentary texts
- Legal texts (codes/protocols)
- Private legal texts
- Literary and scholarly texts
- Religious texts
- Magic
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 56: Coptic texts
- Introduction
- Christian, Gnostic, Hermetic, and Manichaean texts
- Coptic works concerning monasticism
- Saints, martyrs, and other religious figures
- Historical writings
- Sermons, homilies, hymns, and poems
- 'Sub-literary' genres
- Epigraphic texts
- Socio-economic texts
- Coptic papyrology
- Coptic texts as artefacts
- Coptic texts in cultural context: the Monastery of Epiphanius
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 57: Rock art, rock inscriptions, and graffiti
- Introduction
- Predynastic rock art: Niloticizing the desert and imaging the cosmos
- Early Dynastic rock inscriptions: sealing the desert-ownership, hegemony, and the extension of ordered space
- The Old Kingdom: soldiers, miners, and priests
- The First Intermediate Period and the early Middle Kingdom: travellers, policemen, and foreigners-personality and history
- The Middle Kingdom: expeditions and outposts
- The New Kingdom: tourists, Nubia, the borders of the empire, and royal workmen at Thebes
- The Third Intermediate Period: formal tableaux, temple annotations, and priestly families
- The Late Period
- Rock inscriptions, graffiti, and religion
- Monumentality, innovation, and intimacy
- Tools and techniques
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 58: Ptolemaic and Roman temple texts
- Introduction
- State of publication of the temple inscriptions
- The writing system, lexicography, grammar
- Lexicography
- Grammar
- Bibliographies, translations, and teaching tools
- Studies on content/interpretation
- Conclusion
- Suggested reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 59: Greek and Latin sources
- Introduction
- Literary sources
- Papyrology and epigraphy
- Suggested reading
- Abbreviations used in this chapter
- Bibliography
- Part X: Museology and conservation
- Chapter 60: Museum collections
- Introduction
- Acquisition and early collections
- Museums and archaeological context
- Museums in Egypt
- Display and authority
- Presenting ancient Egypt(s)
- Interpretations
- Research
- Engaging with visitors
- Suggested Reading
- Bibliography
- Chapter 61: Egyptian museums and storehouses
- Introduction
- The history of the Egyptian museums
- Categories of Egyptian museums
- The main Egyptian museums
- Local and provincial museums
- Archaeological-site museums
- Discussion: the problems of Egyptian museums
- Archaeological storehouses in Egypt
- Discussion
- Final word
- Bibliography
- Chapter 62: Conservation in Egyptological museum collections
- Introduction
- General considerations
- Deterioration processes of inorganic materials
- Metal objects
- Ceramics, faience, and glass
- Limestone and sandstone
- Ivory and bone
- Deterioration processes of organic materials
- Wood
- Linen, papyri, cartonnage, and mummies
- Discussion: conservation challenges
- Suggested Reading
- Bibliography
- Index
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