"Beauty is the first test: there is no permanent place in the world for ugly mathematics. " - G. H. Hardy N umber theory has been considered since time immemorial to be the very paradigm of pure (some would say useless) mathematics. In fact, the Chinese characters for mathematics are Number Science. "Mathematics is the queen of sciences - and number theory is the queen of mathematics," according to Carl Friedrich Gauss, the lifelong Wunderkind, who hirnself enjoyed the epithet "Princeps Mathematicorum. " What could be more beautiful than a deep, satisfying relation between whole numbers. {One is almost tempted to call them wholesome numbersJ In fact, it is hard to come up with a more appropriate designation than their learned name: the integers - meaning the "untouched ones". How high they rank, in the realms of pure thought and aesthetics, above their lesser brethren: the real and complex number- whose first names virtually exude unsavory involvement with the complex realities of everyday life! Yet, as we shall see in this book, the theory of integers can provide totally unexpected answers to real-world problems. In fact, discrete mathematics is ta king on an ever more important role. If nothing else, the advent of the digital computer and digital communication has seen to that. But even earlier, in physics the emergence of quantum mechanics and discrete elementary particles put a premium on the methods and, indeed, the spirit of discrete mathematics.
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Dateigröße
ISBN-13
978-3-662-02395-2 (9783662023952)
DOI
10.1007/978-3-662-02395-2
Schweitzer Klassifikation
I A Few Fundamentals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Natural Numbers.- 3. Primes.- 4. The Prime Distribution.- II Some Simple Applications.- 5. Fractions: Continued, Egyptian and Farey.- III Congruences and the Like.- 6. Linear Congruences.- 7. Diophantine Equations.- 8. The Theorems of Fermat, Wilson and Euler.- IV Cryptography and Divisors.- 9. Euler Trap Doors and Public-Key Encryption.- 10. The Divisor Functions.- 11. The Prime Divisor Functions.- 12. Certified Signatures.- 13. Primitive Roots.- 14. Knapsack Encryption.- V Residues and Diffraction.- 15. Quadratic Residues.- VI Chinese and Other Fast Algorithms.- 16. The Chinese Remainder Theorem and Simultaneous Congruences.- 17. Fast Transformations and Kronecker Products.- 18. Quadratic Congruences.- VII Pseudoprimes, Möbius Transform, and Partitions.- 19. Pseudoprimes, Poker and Remote Coin Tossing.- 20. The Möbius Function and the Möbius Transform.- 21. Generating Functions and Partitions.- VIII Cyclotomy and Polynomials.- 22. Cyclotomic Polynomials.- 23. Linear Systems and Polynomials.- 24. Polynomial Theory.- IX Galois Fields and More Applications.- 25. Galois Fields.- 26. Spectral Properties of Galois Sequences.- 27. Random Number Generators.- 28. Waveforms and Radiation Patterns.- 29. Number Theory, Randomness and "Art".- 30. Conclusion.- A. A Calculator Program for Exponentiation and Residue Reduction.- B. A Calculator Program for Calculating Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers.- C. A Calculator Program for Decomposing an Integer According to the Fibonacci Number System.- Glossary of Symbols.
