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THE authoritative guide for clinical laboratory immunology
For nearly 50 years, the Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology has been the premier resource for laboratories, students, and professionals involved in the clinical and technical details of diagnostic immunology testing. The 9th Edition continues its tradition of providing comprehensive clinical and technical information on the latest technologies used in medical and diagnostic immunology.
Led by a world-renowned group of authors and editors, this new edition reflects substantial changes aimed at improving and updating the Manual's utility while reflecting the significant transformations that have occurred since the last edition, including the revolution of gene editing and the widespread adoption of molecularly engineered cellular therapies.
Topical highlights include:
The 9th Edition of the Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology serves as an invaluable resource for laboratory directors, clinicians, laboratory managers, technologists, and students. It provides critical insights into the selection, application, and interpretation of immunologic tests, offering practical guidance on troubleshooting, clinical application, and an understanding of test limitations. This comprehensive and up-to-date manual remains an essential tool for anyone involved in the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of immune-mediated and immune system-related disorders.
John L. Schmitz, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
Barbara Detrick, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Maurice R. G. O'Gorman, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Volume 1
Editorial Board xi
Contributors xiii
Preface xxiii
Author and Editor Conflicts of Interest xxv
Section A
Molecular Methods 1
Volume Editor: John L. Schmitz
Section Editor: Eric T. Weimer
1 Introduction 3 Eric T. Weimer
2 Molecular Methods for Genetic Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Immunity 5 Sarah L. Anzick and Amy P. Hsu
3 Immunoglobulin and T- Cell Receptor Gene Assessment 23 Paul A. Wadsworth, Chandler C. Ho, and Bing M. Zhang
Section B
Immunoglobulin Methods 39
Volume Editor: Barbara Detrick
Section Editor: David F. Keren
4 Introduction 41 David F. Keren
5 Clinical Indications and Applications of Serum and Urine Protein Electrophoresis 43 David M. Manthei and David F. Keren
6 Immunochemical Characterization of Immunoglobulins in Serum, Urine, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 62 Caitlin O. Schein and William G. Finn
7 Cryoglobulins and Cryofibrinogenemia 79 Peter D. Gorevic, Dennis Galanakis, and Jeffrey S. Warren
8 Strategy for Detecting and Following Monoclonal Gammopathies 90 David F. Keren and Lee Schroeder
Section C
Complement 107
Section Editor: Ashley Frazer-Abel
9 Introduction 109 Ashley Frazer- Abel
10 Methods of Complement Analysis 111 Diana Pauly and Michael Kirschfink
11 Assessing Complement Dysregulation in the Thrombotic Microangiopathies and Ultrarare Complement- Mediated Kidney Disease 119 Amanda K. Slagle, Jill J. Hauer, and Richard J. H. Smith
12 Current and Future of Complement Therapeutics and their Impact on the Clinical Immunology Laboratory 129 Bradley Dixon, Shrey Purohit, and Ashley Frazer- Abel
Section D
Flow Cytometry 139
Volume Editor: Maurice R. G. O'gorman
Section Editor: Paul K. Wallace
13 Introduction: Clinical Flow Cytometry Applications and Quality Control 141 Paul K. Wallace
14 Polychromatic Flow Cytometry 144 Ankit Saxena, Angelique Biancotto, Pradeep Dagur, And John Philip Mccoy, Jr
15 High- Sensitivity Detection of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria by Multiparameter Flow Cytometry 166 Ahmad Al- Attar, Stephen J. Richards, Iuri Marinov, Andrea Illingworth, And D. Robert Sutherland
16 Standardized Flow Cytometry Assays for Enumerating CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem Cells 189 Ahmad Al- Attar and D. Robert Sutherland
17 The Detection of Fetal Red Cells in Fetomaternal Hemorrhage by Flow Cytometry 213 Bruce Greig
18 Functional Flow Cytometry- Based Assays of Myeloid and Lymphoid Functions for the Diagnostic Screening of Inborn Errors of Immunity 221 Caleb Cornaby and Maurice R. G. O'gorman
19 Quality Assurance and Validation in Clinical Flow Cytometry 231 Teri Oldaker and Antony Bakke
20 Future Cytometric Technologies and Applications 249 Holden T. Maecker
Section E
Functional Cellular Assays 253
Section Editors: Miranda B. Carper And Thomas N. Denny
21 Introduction 255 Miranda B. Carper and Thomas N. Denny
22 Cryopreservation of Blood Mononuclear Cells 257 Cassandra Porth, Ambrosia Garcia, Raul Louzao, Krystle Garth, Emilie Jalbert, and Adriana Weinberg
23 Functional Assays for B Cells and Antibodies 266 David C. Lafon and Moon H. Nahm
24 Methods for Detection of Antigen- Specific T Cells by Enzyme- Linked Immunospot Assay 277 Mark Berrong, Danielle Nettere, and Guido Ferrari
25 Regulatory T Cell (Treg) Characterization: Phenotype, Function, and Clinical Importance of Human Treg 284 Alma- Martina Cepika and Rosa Bacchetta
26 Measurement of Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Activity in Humans 292 Heinrich Schlums, Tessa M. Campbell, and Yenan T. Bryceson
27 Functional Assays for the Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease 304 Debra Long Priel and Douglas B. Kuhns
28 Interferon Gamma Release Assays for Tuberculosis Diagnosis 318 Sofia Zavala and Jason E. Stout
29 Methods for Evaluating Antigen- Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Frequency and Activity 324 Danielle Nettere and Guido Ferrari
Section F
Cytokines 333
Section Editors: John J. Hooks And Timothy B. Niewold
30 Introduction 335 John J. Hooks and Timothy B. Niewold
31 Overview of the Cytokine Assay Multiverse: Systems and Applications 337 Julio C. Valencia, Ngoc Thuy T. Nguyen, And Howard A. Young
32 Monitoring Interferons in Autoimmune Diseases and Interferonopathies 344 Andrra Nimoni and Timothy B. Niewold
33 Detection of Anti-Cytokine Autoantibodies and Clinical Applications 352 Serena J. Lee, Eszter Toth, Lindsey B. Rosen, Sarah K. Browne, and Steven M. Holland
Section G
Laboratory Management 363
Section Editor: Thomas S. Alexander
34 Licensure and Accreditation 365 Thomas S. Alexander
35 Validation and Quality Control: General Principles and Application to the Clinical Immunology Laboratory 369 Terri Lebo, Patricia A. Merkel, and Vijaya Knight
36 Quality Assurance and Quality Management of the Medical Laboratory 384 Paul R. Johnson
Section H
Infectious Diseases Caused By Bacteria, Mycoplasmas, Chlamydiae, and Rickettsiae 393
Section Editor: Christine M. Litwin
37 Introduction 395 Christine M. Litwin
38 Diagnostic Methods for Group A Streptococcal Infections 396 Christine M. Litwin, Sheldon E. Litwin, And Harry R. Hill
39 Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis 404 Tyson Chiaro and John L. Schmitz
40 Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis 412 Guiqing Wang and Maria E. Aguero- Rosenfeld
41 Immunological Tests in Tuberculosis 424 Christine M. Litwin
42 Mycoplasma: Serological Methods 433 Ken B. Waites, Mary B. Brown, and Jerry W. Simecka
43 Chlamydia Infections 438 Rosemary C. She and Valentina Zanfagnin
44 The Rickettsiaceae, Anaplasmataceae, and Coxiellaceae 447 Lucas S. Blanton and David H. Walker
45 The Bartonellaceae, Brucellaceae, and Francisellaceae 458 Christine M. Litwin, Burt Anderson, Renee Tsolis, and Amy Rasley
Section I
Mycotic and Parasitic Diseases 467
Section Editor: Elitza S. Theel
46 Introduction 469 Elitza S. Theel
47 Immunological and Molecular Approaches for the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections 470 Marc R. Couturier and Elitza S. Theel
48 Serological Diagnosis of Fungal Infections 489 Mark D. Lindsley
Section J
Viral Diseases 521
Section Editor: Jennifer Dien Bard
49 Introduction 523 Jennifer Dien Bard
50 Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella- Zoster Virus 524 Susan Realegeno
51 Epstein- Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus 535 Henry H. Balfour, Jr., Kristin A. Hogquist, And Priya S. Verghese
52 Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B, 7, and 8 550 Shangxin (shaun) Yang
53 Parvovirus B19 563 Rebecca Yee and Jose A. Lucar
54 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus- 2 572 Patricia Slev
55 Enteroviruses 583 Bijal A. Parikh and Allison R. Eberly
56 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Viruses 592 Ryan F. Relich and Elitza S. Theel
57 Viral Hepatitis 600 Kileen L. Shier
58 Arboviruses 616 Mimi R. Precit and Rachael M. Liesman
59 Hantavirus Infections 634 William Marciel De Souza and Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
60 Rabies Virus 640 D. Craig Hooper
61 Human T- Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2 649 Laura Gillim and Ajay Grover
62 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 658 S. Michele Owen
63 Bandavirus 668 Amanda E. Calvert and Holly R. Hughes
Volume 2
Section K
Errors Of Immunity 679
Section Editor: Roshini S. Abraham
64 Introduction to Inborn Errors of Immunity 681 Roshini S. Abraham
65 Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency 683 Lisa Kobrynski and Mirjam Van Der Burg
66 Combined Immunodeficiencies 692 Tamar S. Rubin, Kelli W. Williams, and Monica G. Lawrence
67 Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies 717 Sara Barmettler, Daniel Digiacomo, and Jocelyn R. Farmer
68 Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders 732 Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan, Gulbu Uzel, Carrie L. Lucas, And Andrew L. Snow
69 Primary Innate Immune Defects (Including Phagocytic Disorders, TLR Defects, and NK Cell Deficiencies) 752 Jenna R. E. Bergerson, Alexandra F. Freeman, Emily M. Mace, And Keith A. Sacco
70 Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases 768 Xiao Peng, Oskar Schnappauf, Adriana A. De Jesus, and Ivona Aksentijevich
71 Complement Defects 796 Ann M. Moyer, Meera Sridharan, and Maria Alice Vieira Willrich
72 Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes: Focus on Immunodeficiency and Diagnostic Evaluation 813 Abhishek A. Mangaonkar, Alejandro Ferrer, Asma Ali, Mira Kohorst, and Mrinal M. Patnaik
73 Phenocopies of Inborn Errors of Immunity 825 Elena W. Y. Hsieh, Cullen M. Dutmer, and Vijaya Knight
Section L
llergic Diseases 845
Section Editor: Robert G. Hamilton
74 Introduction to Allergic Diseases 847 Robert G. Hamilton
75 Quantitation and Standardization of Allergens 849 Michael Brad Strader, Robert Zagorski, Ronald L. Rabin, and Jay E. Slater
76 Immunological Methods in the Diagnostic Allergy Laboratory 860 Robert G. Hamilton
77 In Vitro Assay Methods for Measurement of Mediators and Markers of Allergic Inflammation 866 John T. Schroeder
Section M
Systemic Autoimmune Diseases 877
Section Editor: Westley H. Reeves
78 Introduction 879 Westley H. Reeves
79 Standardization of Fluorescent Antinuclear Antibody Testing 881 Angela Ceribelli, Antonio Tonutti, Luis E. C. Andrade, and Edward K. L. Chan
80 Immunodiagnosis and Laboratory Assessment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 891 Westley H. Reeves, Shuhong Han, and Haoyang Zhuang
81 Immunodiagnosis of Autoimmune Myopathies 900 Minoru Satoh, Angela Ceribelli, Tomoko Hasegawa, Shin Tanaka, Michito Hirakata, and Edward K. L. Chan
82 Immunodiagnosis of Scleroderma 913 Yasuhito Hamaguchi and Masataka Kuwana
83 Immunodiagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis 925 Johan Rönnelid, Alf Kastbom, and Carl Turesson
84 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Diagnosis 935 Pier Luigi Meroni, Caterina Bodio, Claudia Grossi, and Maria Orietta Borghi
85 Immunodiagnosis of Systemic Vasculitis 945 Jan Damoiseaux
86 Immunodiagnosis of Sjögren's Disease 952 R. Hal Scofield and Martha Tsaliki
87 Diagnostic Testing for Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase 2 962 Kailey E. Brodeur, Liang Chen, And Pui Y. Lee
88 Future Direction of Laboratory Testing for Autoimmune Diseases 968 Gerson Dierley Keppeke, Renan De Almeida Agustinelli, Diana Maria Landoni, Wilson Melo Cruvinel, Edward K. L. Chan, And Luis Eduardo Coelho Andrade
Section N
Organ-Localized Autoimmune Diseases 983
Section Editor: Stanley J. Naides
89 Introduction 985 Stanley J. Naides
90 Endocrinopathies: Hashimoto Thyroiditis, Graves Disease, Hypophysitis, Addison Disease, Premature Ovarian Failure, Male Infertility, and Diabetes 987 Amna Kahn, Giuseppe Barbesino, Jonathan Perez, Ziyan Xu, Xiaofan Jia, Fatima Zaman, Liping Yu, and Patrizio Caturegli
91 Myasthenia Gravis 1014 Hans Frykman
92 Autoantibodies to Brain and Spinal Cord 1024 Raquel Ruiz- García, Laura Naranjo, and Francesc Graus
93 Autoantibodies to Glycolipids in Peripheral Neuropathy 1037 John A. Goodfellow and Hugh J. Willison
94 Detection of Antimitochondrial Autoantibodies in Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Liver Kidney Microsomal Antibodies in Autoimmune Hepatitis 1044 Patrick S. C. Leung, Michael P. Manns, Ross L. Coppel, and M. Eric Gershwin
95 Cardiovascular Diseases 1054 Jin li
96 Use of Laboratory Tests for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 1071 Louma B. Rustam, David E. Elliott, and M. Nedim Ince
97 Celiac Disease 1085 Tracey M. Dafonte, Katherine L. Olshan, And Alessio Fasano
98 Primary Membranous Nephropathy 1090 Ajay Grover, Andre Valcour, and Stanley J. Naides
99 Autoantibodies Directed against Erythrocytes in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Other Anemias 1098 Laura Cooling
100 Immune Thrombocytopenia 1105 Qizhao Li, Johan Rebetz, Drew Provan, Leendert L. Porcelijn, Rick Kapur, Suzanne Hofstede- Van Egmond, Elisabeth Semple, Li Guo, Shuqian Xu, and John W. Semple
101 Monitoring Autoimmune Reactivity within the Retina 1113 John J. Hooks, Renee Liu, Lucia Sobrin, And Barbara Detrick
102 Diagnosis of Autoimmune Blistering Diseases 1120 Mareike Becker and Enno Schmidt
Section O
Cancer 1133
Section Editor: Brent L. Wood
103 Introduction 1135 Brent L. Wood
104 Immunoassay- Based Tumor Marker Measurement: Assays, Applications, Algorithms, and Additional Approaches 1136 Chinwe Madubata and Alex J. Rai
105 Immune Monitoring during Cancer Immunotherapy 1144 Hesham M. Shehata, Pranay Dogra, and Shomyseh Sanjabi
106 Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Lymphoma 1168 Karin P. Miller and Alexandra E. Kovach
107 Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Diagnosis and Measurable Residual Disease Detection by Flow Cytometry 1180 Xueyan Chen and Brent L. Wood
108 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Diagnosis and Minimal Residual Disease Detection 1193 Min Shi, Dragan Jevremovic, Curtis A. Hanson, and Horatiu Olteanu
109 Evaluation of Plasma Cell Neoplasms 1206 Mikhail Roshal, Qi Gao, Shelby Hutcherson, Katie Thoren, Menglei Zhu, And Kazunory Murata
Section P
Transplantation Immunology 1225
Section Editor: Gerald P. Morris
110 Introduction: Immunogenetics, Histocompatibility Testing, and Transplantation 1227 Gerald P. Morris
111 Human Leukocyte Antigen Biology and Genetics 1229 Bing Melody Zhang and Marcelo Fernandez- Vina
112 Human Leukocyte Antigen Genotyping for Allogeneic Transplantations 1240 Brian F. Duffy, Mei San Tang, and Chang Liu
113 Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibodies 1262 Olga A. Timofeeva and Sandra Rosen- Bronson
114 Non- HLA Antibodies 1280 Carrie L. Butler, Michelle J. Hickey, Rebecca A. Sosa, and Elaine F. Reed
115 ABO Blood Groups and Transplantation 1291 Anne Halpin, Bruce Motyka, and Lori J. West
116 Cellular Immune Responses in Transplantation 1301 Clarkson Crane and Gerald P. Morris
117 Molecular Characterization of Injury and Rejection in Solid Organ Transplant 1312 Meagan Barner and Zahra Kashi
118 Killer Cell Immunoglobulin- Like Receptors (KIR) in Clinical Transplantation 1323 Raja Rajalingam
119 Chimerism Monitoring 1335 Caroline R. Alquist
Index 1341
ROSHINI S. ABRAHAM Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
MARIA E. AGUERO-ROSENFELD Clinical Laboratories, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
RENAN DE ALMEIDA AGUSTINELLI Rheumatology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Santos, Santos, Brazil
IVONA AKSENTIJEVICH Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
AHMAD AL-ATTAR Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
THOMAS S. ALEXANDER Incite Health Inc., Doylestown, PA; Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH
ASMA ALI Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
CAROLINE R. ALQUIST Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
BURT ANDERSON Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
LUIS E. C. ANDRADE Rheumatology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Immunology Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratories, São Paulo, Brazil
SARAH L. ANZICK Research Technologies Branches, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT
ROSA BACCHETTA Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine (CDCM), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
ANTONY BAKKE Bakke Consulting, San Clemente, CA
HENRY H. BALFOUR, JR. Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
GIUSEPPE BARBESINO Thyroid Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA
SARA BARMETTLER Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
MEAGAN BARNER Kashi Clinical Laboratories, Portland, OR
MAREIKE BECKER Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Wilhelmstift Catholic Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
JENNA R. E. BERGERSON Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
MARK BERRONG Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Durham, NC
ANGELIQUE BIANCOTTO Precision Oncology and Flow Cytometry division, Sanofi, Vitry/Seine, France
LUCAS S. BLANTON Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
CATERINA BODIO Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Immunorheumatology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
MARIA ORIETTA BORGHI Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Immunorheumatology Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
KAILEY E. BRODEUR Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
MARY B. BROWN Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
SARAH K. BROWNE Altimmune, Gaithersburg, MD
YENAN T. BRYCESON Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet; Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
CARRIE L. BUTLER Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
AMANDA E. CALVERT Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
TESSA M. CAMPBELL Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
MIRANDA B. CARPER Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
PATRIZIO CATUREGLI Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
ALMA-MARTINA CEPIKA Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
ANGELA CERIBELLI Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
EDWARD K. L. CHAN Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
SHANMUGANATHAN CHANDRAKASAN Division of Bone Marrow Transplant, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
LIANG CHEN Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
XUEYAN CHEN Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
TYSON CHIARO McLendon Laboratories, UNC Health, Chapel Hill, NC
LAURA COOLING Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
ROSS L. COPPEL Department of Microbiology, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
CALEB CORNABY Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
MARC R. COUTURIER Emerging Public Health Crises, Parasitology/Fecal Testing, and Infectious Disease Antigen Testing, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
CLARKSON CRANE Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
WILSON MELO CRUVINEL Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
TRACEY M. DAFONTE Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School; Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
PRADEEP DAGUR Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
JAN DAMOISEAUX Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
ADRIANA A. DE JESUS Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
THOMAS N. DENNY Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
WILLIAM MARCIEL DE SOUZA Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
JENNIFER DIEN BARD Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
DANIEL DIGIACOMO Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
BRADLEY DIXON Children's Hospital Colorado; University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
PRANAY DOGRA Department of Translational Medicine Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA
BRIAN F. DUFFY Barnes-Jewish Hospital HLA Laboratory, St. Louis, MO
CULLEN M. DUTMER Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
ALLISON R. EBERLY Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
DAVID E. ELLIOTT Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
JOCELYN R. FARMER Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Lahey Health, Burlington, MA
ALESSIO FASANO Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School; Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
MARCELO FERNANDEZ-VINA Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
GUIDO FERRARI Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Durham, NC
ALEJANDRO FERRER Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
LUIZ TADEU MORAES FIGUEIREDO Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
WILLIAM G. FINN Joint Venture Hospital Laboratories, Allen Park, MI
ASHLEY FRAZER-ABEL University of Colorado,...
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