
Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums
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Inhalt
- Business Valuation: Discounts and Premiums, Second Edition
- Contents
- List of Exhibits
- About the Author
- About the Contributing Authors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1: Overview of Business Valuation Discounts and Premiums and the Bases to Which They Are Applied
- DISCOUNTS AND PREMIUMS ARE BIG-MONEY ISSUES
- ''ENTITY LEVEL'' VERSUS ''SHAREHOLDER LEVEL'' DISCOUNTS AND PREMIUMS
- HOW THE VALUATION APPROACHES USED AFFECT THE LEVEL OF VALUE
- USE OF PUBLIC COMPANY DATA TO QUANTIFY DISCOUNTS AND PREMIUMS
- HOW THE STANDARD OF VALUE AFFECTS DISCOUNTS AND PREMIUMS
- AMERICAN SOCIETY OF APPRAISERS BUSINESS VALUATION STANDARD VII: VALUATION DISCOUNTS AND PREMIUMS
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 2: Minority Discounts and Control Premiums
- RELEVANT DEFINITIONS
- BASIC MINORITY/CONTROL VALUE RELATIONSHIP
- PREROGATIVES OF CONTROL
- FACTORS AFFECTING DEGREE OF CONTROL
- HOW THE VALUATION METHODOLOGY AFFECTS THE MINORITY DISCOUNT OR CONTROL PREMIUM
- DO PUBLICLY TRADED MINORITY STOCK PRICES REFLECT CONTROL VALUE?
- TREATMENT OF CONTROL PREMIUMS IN THE DELAWARE COURTS
- HOW THE PURPOSE OF THE VALUATION AFFECTS MINORITY DISCOUNTS OR CONTROL PREMIUMS
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 3: Empirical Data Regarding Minority Discounts and Control Premiums
- PREMIUMS PAID IN ACQUISITIONS
- IDENTIFYING INDUSTRIES WITH HIGHER OR LOWER CONTROL PREMIUMS
- CAVEATS REGARDING USE OF CONTROL PREMIUM DATA
- ARE CONTROL PREMIUMS TOO HIGH?
- PERCENTAGE DISCOUNTS FROM NET ASSET VALUE
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 4: Minority Discounts and Control Premiums in the Courts
- GIFT, ESTATE, AND INCOME TAX CASES
- DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF CONTROL IN EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP PLAN CASES
- DISSENTING SHAREHOLDER CASES
- SHAREHOLDER OPPRESSION CASES
- MARITAL DISSOLUTION CASES
- BANKRUPTCY CASE
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 5: Discounts for Lack of Marketability for Minority Interests: Concept and Evidence
- PUBLIC MARKET BENCHMARK FOR MARKETABILITY
- EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE TO QUANTIFY DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY
- RESTRICTED STOCK STUDIES
- PRE-INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING DISCOUNT FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY STUDIES
- COURTS' AVERSION TO ''BENCHMARKING''
- REGULATORY AND COURT RECOGNITION OF EMPIRICAL MARKETABILITY DISCOUNT STUDIES
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 6: Synopsis of Restricted Stock Studies
- SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR STUDY
- GELMAN STUDY
- TROUT STUDY
- MORONEY STUDY
- MAHER STUDY
- STANDARD RESEARCH CONSULTANTS STUDY
- SILBER STUDY
- FMV OPINIONS STUDY
- MANAGEMENT PLANNING STUDY
- JOHNSON STUDY
- COLUMBIA FINANCIAL ADVISORS STUDY
- LIQUISTAT DATABASE
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 7: LiquiStat Database (Restricted Stocks, Options, Warrants, and Convertible Securities)
- RESTRICTED STOCK AS A BASIS
- BIASES BEYOND ILLIQUIDITY IN TRADITIONAL RESTRICTED STOCK STUDIES
- HOW LIQUISTAT IS DIFFERENT
- OPTIONS AND WARRANTS IN LIQUISTAT
- CONVERTIBLE SECURITIES IN LIQUISTAT
- SUMMARY
- Chapter 8: Blockage Discounts
- BLOCKAGE IS DISTINCT FROM RESTRICTED STOCK
- FACTORS TO ANALYZE IN QUANTIFYING BLOCKAGE DISCOUNTS
- MUST CONSIDER WAYS OF SELLING STOCK
- ''PRICE PRESSURE'' AND ''MARKET EXPOSURE''
- BLOCK BUYER COULD AMELIORATE BLOCKAGE DISCOUNT
- BLOCKAGE DISCOUNTS RECOGNIZED IN ESTATE AND GIFT TAX REGULATIONS
- BLOCKAGE DISCOUNTS IN U.S. TAX COURT
- FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS THAT MAY AFFECT BLOCKAGE DISCOUNTS
- BLOCKAGE DISCOUNTS USED TO ESTIMATE ILLIQUIDITY DISCOUNTS
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 9: John Emory Pre-Initial Public Offering Discount for Lack of Marketability Studies-Complete Underlying Data
- STUDY #1: ADJUSTED STUDY, JANUARY 1980-JUNE 1981
- STUDY #2: ADJUSTED STUDY, JANUARY 1985-JUNE 1986
- STUDY #3: ADJUSTED STUDY, AUGUST 1987-JANUARY 1989
- STUDY #4: ADJUSTED STUDY, FEBRUARY 1989-JULY 1990
- STUDY #5: ADJUSTED STUDY, AUGUST 1990-JANUARY 1992
- STUDY #6: ADJUSTED STUDY, FEBRUARY 1992-JULY 1993
- STUDY #7: ADJUSTED STUDY, JANUARY 1994-JUNE 1995
- STUDY #8: ADJUSTED STUDY, NOVEMBER 1995-APRIL 1997
- STUDY #9: ADJUSTED STUDY, DOT-COM COMPANIES, MAY 1997-MARCH 2000
- STUDY #10: ADJUSTED EXPANDED STUDY, MAY 1997-DECEMBER 2000
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 10: Valuation Advisors Discount for Lack of Marketability Study
- DESCRIPTION OF STUDY
- RESULTS OF STUDY
- SUMMARY
- Chapter 11: Factors Affecting Discounts for Lack of Marketability for Minority Interests
- SIZE OF DISTRIBUTIONS
- PROSPECTS FOR LIQUIDITY
- POOL OF POTENTIAL BUYERS
- RISK FACTORS
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 12: Discounts for Lack of Marketability for Controlling Interests
- DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY FOR CONTROLLING INTERESTS: A CONTROVERSIAL CONCEPT
- CONTROL, MARKETABLE'' IS AN OXYMORON
- BASES FROM WHICH CONTROLLING INTEREST DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY MAY BE DEDUCTED
- FACTORS AFFECTING CONTROLLING INTEREST DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY
- PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE COMPANY ACQUISITION MULTIPLES
- COURT TREATMENT OF CONTROLLING INTEREST DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 13: The Quantitative Marketability Discount Model: A Shareholder Level DCF Model
- INTRODUCTION
- THE STRUCTURE OF THE SHAREHOLDER LEVEL DCF MODEL
- A VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE SHAREHOLDER LEVEL DCF MODEL
- FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO MARKETABILITY DISCOUNTS
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 14: Marketability Discounts in the Courts-Minority Interests
- GIFT AND ESTATE TAX CASES
- EMPLOYEE STOCK OWNERSHIP PLAN CASE
- DISSENTING SHAREHOLDER CASES
- MINORITY OPPRESSION CASES
- MARITAL DISSOLUTION CASES
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 15: Marketability Discounts in the Courts-Controlling Interests
- GIFT AND ESTATE TAX CASES
- MARITAL DISSOLUTION CASES
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 16: Voting versus Nonvoting Stock
- VOTING VERSUS NONVOTING STOCK SCENARIOS
- EMPIRICAL STUDIES SHOW LITTLE DIFFERENTIAL FOR SMALL MINORITY INTERESTS
- TRANSACTIONS INVOLVING PREMIUMS FOR CONTROL BLOCKS
- COURT CASES INVOLVING VOTING VERSUS NONVOTING STOCK
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 17: Key Person Discounts and Premiums
- EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS KEY PERSON DISCOUNT
- INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE RECOGNIZES KEY PERSON DISCOUNT
- FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN ANALYZING THE KEY PERSON DISCOUNT
- QUANTIFYING THE MAGNITUDE OF THE KEY PERSON DISCOUNT
- U.S. TAX COURT CASES INVOLVING KEY PERSON DISCOUNTS
- KEY PERSON DISCOUNTS IN MARITAL DISSOLUTIONS
- KEY PERSON DISCOUNTS IN OTHER TYPES OF CASES
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 18: Discounts for Trapped-In Capital Gains Taxes
- RATIONALE FOR TRAPPED-IN CAPITAL GAINS TAX DISCOUNT
- ''GENERAL UTILITIES DOCTRINE''
- TAX COURT RECOGNIZES TRAPPED-IN CAPITAL GAINS
- INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE ACQUIESCES TO TRAPPED-IN CAPITAL GAINS DISCOUNT
- SUBSEQUENT TAX CASES REGULARLY RECOGNIZE TRAPPED-IN CAPITAL GAINS TAX DISCOUNT
- TRAPPED-IN CAPITAL GAINS IN DISSENTING STOCKHOLDER ACTIONS
- TRAPPED-IN CAPITAL GAINS IN BANKRUPTCY COURT
- TRAPPED-IN CAPITAL GAINS TAXES IN MARITAL DISSOLUTIONS
- TREATMENT OF CAPITAL GAINS TAX LIABILITY
- TREATMENT OF CAPITAL GAINS TAX LIABILITY IN S CORPORATIONS
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 19: Nonhomogeneous Assets (''Portfolio'') Discounts
- PORTFOLIO DISCOUNT PRINCIPLE
- EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING PORTFOLIO DISCOUNTS
- HOW TO VALUE COMPANIES WITH DISPARATE PORTFOLIOS
- QUANTIFYING THE PORTFOLIO DISCOUNT
- PORTFOLIO DISCOUNTS IN THE COURTS
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 20: Discounts for Environmental, Litigation, and Other Contingent Liabilities
- CONCEPT OF THE CONTINGENT LIABILITY DISCOUNT
- FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD #5 MAY PROVIDE GUIDANCE IN QUANTIFYING CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
- TREATMENT OF CONTINGENCIES IN THE U.S. TAX COURT
- TREATMENT OF CONTINGENCIES IN MARITAL DISSOLUTION
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 21: Discount Adjustments for Limited Partnership Interests and Other Asset Management Entities
- INTRODUCTION
- PARTNERSHIP FEATURES
- OTHER STATE LAW AND REGULATORY ISSUES
- COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL INCOME TAX REGULATIONS
- COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL TRANSFER TAX REGULATIONS
- ANALYSIS OF OWNERSHIP AND CLASSES OF INTERESTS
- ANALYSIS OF UNDERLYING ADJUSTED NET ASSET VALUE
- ANALYSIS OF INCOME CAPACITY VALUE
- VALUATION OF NONCONTROLLING ENTITY INTERESTS
- DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF CONTROL AND MARKETABILITY
- COURT CASES REGARDING LIMITED PARTNERSHIP VALUES
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 22: Adjusting Values for Differences in Size
- INCOME APPROACH
- MARKET APPROACH
- CRITICISMS OF THE SIZE PREMIUM
- COURT CASES INVOLVING THE SIZE PREMIUM
- SUMMARY
- SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL DATA
- NOTES
- Chapter 23: Discounts and Premiums in ESOP Valuations
- ESOP DEFINITION, TYPES, AND BENEFITS
- ''ADEQUATE CONSIDERATION'' FOR ESOP VALUATION PURPOSES
- CONTROL PREMIUMS IN ESOP VALUATIONS
- DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY IN ESOP VALUATIONS
- ESOP COURT CASES
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 24: Discounts and Premiums in Divorce Disputes
- CONTROL PREMIUMS IN DIVORCE
- DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY IN DIVORCE
- DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF VOTING RIGHTS IN DIVORCE
- KEY PERSON DISCOUNTS IN DIVORCE
- THE EFFECTIVE DISCOUNT FOR PERSONAL GOODWILL IN DIVORCE
- ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE APPRECIATION
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 25: Discounts and Premiums in Corporate and Partnership Dissolution and Oppression Cases
- DISSOLUTION FOR SHAREHOLDER (PARTNER) OPPRESSION
- DISCOUNTS
- CALIFORNIA OPPRESSION CASES
- DELAWARE'S APPROACH
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 26: Discounts and Premiums in Fair Value for Financial Reporting
- INTRODUCTION
- FAIR VALUE OF REPORTING UNITS
- FAIR VALUE OF SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
- SUMMARY
- ADDITIONAL READING
- NOTES
- Chapter 27: Premium and Discount Issues in Undivided Interest Valuations
- DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDIVIDED INTERESTS
- APPRAISAL OF ASSETS IN FEE-SIMPLE INTEREST
- FACTORS AFFECTING THE VALUE OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST
- VALUATION ADJUSTMENTS FOR UNDIVIDED INTERESTS
- COURT DECISIONS RELATED TO UNDIVIDED INTEREST DISCOUNTS
- SUMMARY
- NOTES
- Chapter 28: Common Errors in Applying Discounts and Premiums
- USING SYNERGISTIC ACQUISITION PREMIUMS TO QUANTIFY PREMIUMS FOR CONTROL
- ASSUMING THAT THE DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW VALUATION METHOD ALWAYS PRODUCES A MINORITY VALUE
- ASSUMING THAT THE GUIDELINE PUBLIC COMPANY METHOD ALWAYS PRODUCES A MINORITY VALUE
- VALUING UNDERLYING ASSETS RATHER THAN STOCK OR PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS
- USING MINORITY INTEREST MARKETABILITY DISCOUNT DATA TO QUANTIFY MARKETABILITY DISCOUNTS FOR CONTROLLING INTERESTS
- USING ONLY RESTRICTED STOCK STUDIES (AND NOT PRE-INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING STUDIES) AS BENCHMARK FOR DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY
- INADEQUATE ANALYSIS OF RELEVANT FACTORS
- INDISCRIMINATE USE OF AVERAGE DISCOUNTS OR PREMIUMS
- APPLYING (OR OMITTING) A PREMIUM OR DISCOUNT INAPPROPRIATELY FOR THE LEGAL CONTEXT
- APPLYING DISCOUNTS OR PREMIUMS TO THE ENTIRE CAPITAL STRUCTURE RATHER THAN ONLY TO EQUITY
- QUANTIFYING DISCOUNTS OR PREMIUMS BASED ON PAST COURT CASES
- USING AN ASSET APPRAISER TO QUANTIFY DISCOUNTS OR PREMIUMS FOR STOCK OR PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS
- SUMMARY
- NOTE
- Appendix A: Bibliography
- BOOKS
- ARTICLES
- PERIODICALS
- Appendix B: Data Resources
- CONTROL PREMIUMS/MINORITY DISCOUNTS
- DISCOUNTS FOR LACK OF MARKETABILITY
- DISCOUNTS FROM NET ASSET VALUE FOR LIMITED PARTNERSHIP INTERESTS
- DISCOUNTS FROM NET ASSET VALUE FOR REITS AND REOCS
- DISCOUNTS FROM NET ASSET VALUE FOR CLOSED-END INVESTMENT FUNDS
- DISCOUNT AND CAPITALIZATION RATES
- Appendix C: How Much Can Marketability Affect Security Values?
- I. THE FRAMEWORK
- II. THE UPPER BOUND
- III. A COMPARISON
- IV. CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- NOTES
- Appendix D: Internal Revenue Service Revenue Ruling 77-287
- SECTION 1. PURPOSE
- SEC. 2. NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
- SEC. 3. BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS
- SEC. 4. SECURITIES INDUSTRY PRACTICE IN VALUING RESTRICTED SECURITIES
- SEC. 5. FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES MATERIAL TO VALUATION OF RESTRICTED SECURITIES
- SEC. 6. WEIGHING FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES MATERIAL TO RESTRICTED STOCK VALUATION
- SEC. 7. EFFECT ON OTHER DOCUMENTS
- Appendix E: Securities and Exchange Commission Rules 144 and 144A
- HISTORY
- Appendix F: Table of Cases
- Index
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