Satellites for Atmospheric Sciences 2

Name: Satellites for Atmospheric Sciences 2 | Meteorology, Climate and Atmospheric Composition
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Meteorology, Climate and Atmospheric Composition

Thierry Phulpin Didier Renaut Herve Roquet Claude Camy-Peyret(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 20. Dezember 2023

416 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
Introduction
Part 1. Meteorology
Introduction to Part 1
Chapter 1. Operational Sounding of Thermodynamic Variables in the Atmosphere
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Operational use of TIR and MW sounders
1.2.1. Satisfying ever-more demanding users
1.2.2. Clouds: an obstacle to sounding and a very useful geophysical product
1.2.3. Demonstrating and maintaining product quality
1.2.4. Different operational algorithmic strategies
1.2.5. Application perspectives
1.3. Acknowledgments
1.4. References
Chapter 2. Wind Observations
2.1. Introduction
2.2. AMVs
2.2.1. Extraction of AMVs
2.2.2. Current production and outlook
2.3. 3D winds derived from hyperspectral sounders
2.4. Measuring wind from space using Doppler lidar
2.4.1. Introduction
2.4.2. Measurements from ALADIN lidar onboard Aeolus
2.4.3. Culmination of a long process
2.4.4. Situation in 2022 and outlook
2.5. References
Chapter 3. Surface Variables
3.1. Observation of the Earth's surface from space
3.2. Energy balances at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere
3.3. Ocean surfaces
3.3.1. Surface temperature
3.3.2. Surface wind
3.3.3. Sea ice
3.4. Continental surfaces
3.4.1. Surface temperature
3.4.2. Water content of soil
3.4.3. Surface albedo
3.4.4. Vegetation properties
3.5. Snow-covered surfaces
3.5.1. Spatial coverage and albedo
3.5.2. Equivalent water content
3.6. Expected changes
3.7. References
Chapter 4. The Assimilation of Satellite Data in Numerical Weather Prediction Systems
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Early meteorological satellites
4.3. Assimilation of satellite soundings 1970-2000
4.3.1. Early sounding instruments
4.3.2. Assimilation experience: 1970s
4.3.3. Assimilation experience: early 1980s
4.3.4. Problems arising in the late 1980s
4.4. Relevant aspects of data assimilation theory
4.5. The modern era (2000 to present)
4.5.1. Assimilation strategies
4.5.2. Advanced infrared sounders
4.5.3. Microwave sounders and imagers
4.5.4. Radiative transfer modeling
4.5.5. Observation uncertainties
4.5.6. Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs)
4.5.7. Scatterometers
4.5.8. Radio occultation observations
4.5.9. Impacts
4.5.10. Reanalyses
4.6. Summary and conclusion
4.7. References
Chapter 5. Nowcasting
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Satellite data for nowcasting
5.2.1. Polar-orbiting satellites
5.2.2. Geostationary satellites
5.3. Observed phenomena
5.3.1. Air mass instability
5.3.2. Convective systems
5.3.3. Characteristics of clouds
5.3.4. Hydrometeors
5.3.5. Wind
5.4. Nowcasting of detected phenomena
5.4.1. Method based on the tracking of structures
5.4.2. Method based on image extrapolation
5.4.3. Method based on artificial intelligence
5.4.4. Use of numerical forecasting
5.4.5. OBS-NWP fusion
5.4.6. Probabilistic forecast
5.5. Perspectives
5.6. References
Chapter 6. Observation and Monitoring of Tropical Cyclones from Space
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Visible and infrared imagery
6.3. Microwave imaging
6.4. Microwave sounding
6.5. Surface wind measurements
6.6. Ocean parameters
6.7. Climatology of cyclones
6.8. Conclusion
6.9. References
Part 2. Atmospheric Composition
Introduction to Part 2. Air Composition and the Contribution from Satellite Observations
Chapter 7. Reactive Tropospheric Chemistry
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Methane
7.3. Reactive organic species
7.3.1. Isoprene
7.3.2. Other non-methane volatile organic compounds
7.4. Reactive inorganic species
7.5. Conclusion
7.6. Acknowledgment
7.7. References
Chapter 8. Major Pollutants: Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Tropospheric ozone
8.2.1. Beginnings of satellite-based tropospheric ozone observations
8.2.2. Current capabilities for tropospheric ozone monitoring
8.2.3. Multi-wavelength synergy for ozone pollution monitoring
8.3. Pollution aerosols
8.3.1. Optical thickness of pollution aerosols
8.3.2. Altitude of pollution aerosols
8.4. References
Chapter 9. Desert Dust
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Qualitative satellite detection of desert dust
9.3. Satellite observation of the optical depth of desert dust
9.4. Vertical profiles of desert dust by spaceborne lidar
9.5. 3D distribution of desert dust by infrared spectrometer
9.6. Conclusion
9.7. References
Chapter 10. Species Emitted by Fires
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Biomass burning gases
10.2.1. Greenhouses gases
10.2.2. Carbon monoxide (CO)
10.2.3. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
10.2.4. Ammonia (NH3)
10.2.5. Nitrous acid (HONO)
10.3. Biomass burning aerosols
10.3.1. AOD observations with nadir-viewing instruments
10.3.2. Extinction observations with limb-viewing instruments
10.3.3. Lidar profiles observations
10.4. Fire detection systems from space
10.5. Conclusion
10.6. Acknowledgments
10.7. References
Chapter 11. Stratospheric Chemistry
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Stratospheric ozone chemistry
11.2.1. Polar ozone depletion
11.2.2. Antarctic ozone distribution
11.2.3. Arctic ozone distribution
11.3. Stratospheric chemistry of other species
11.3.1. Chemistry of the stratosphere and models
11.3.2. Radical processes and cycles for the major families
11.3.3. The example of methane in the stratosphere
11.4. Satellite measurements of trace species in the stratosphere
11.5. Conclusion
11.6. Acknowledgments
11.7. References
Part 3. Atmosphere and climate
Introduction to Part 3 Atmosphere and Climate and the Contribution of Space
Chapter 12. Climate Monitoring
12.1. General concepts about the climate
12.1.1. What is climate?
12.1.2. Is climate limited to atmospheric phenomena?
12.1.3. A question for Nobel Prize laureates: is the climate stable?
12.2. From space-based measurements to climate products
12.2.1. Sensing the environment
12.2.2. The role of space-based observations
12.2.3. The concept of essential climate variables
12.2.4. Observation-based products
12.2.5. Model-assisted climate products
12.3. Climate data records and uncertainty estimates
12.3.1. Why reprocessing?
12.3.2. Calibration
12.3.3. Uncertainty
12.4. The usage of climate data records in science and services
12.5. Looking ahead
12.6. References
12.7. References of the data sources cited in Figure 12.1
Chapter 13. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases: CO2 and CH4
13.1. Monitoring anthropogenic greenhouse gases
13.1.1. Biogeochemical cycles
13.1.2. Determination of gas sources and sinks
13.1.3. The global observation network
13.2. Contribution of spatial observation of greenhouse gases
13.2.1. Specificities of greenhouse gas observation
13.2.2. Particularly rich spatial programming
13.3. Measurement techniques
13.3.1. Passive observations in the infrared range
13.3.2. Passive observations by solar reflection
13.3.3. Passive observations by solar occultation
13.3.4. Active observations using lidar
13.4. From radiation measurement to gas flux at the surface
13.4.1. From radiation measurement to gas concentrations
13.4.2. From concentration to fluxes
13.4.3. Main limitations
13.5. Challenges for the future
13.5.1. Towards the observation of anthropogenic emissions by spatial imagery
13.5.2. Reducing spatio-temporal sampling biases
13.5.3. Towards an operational greenhouse gas monitoring service
13.6. References
Chapter 14. Clouds and Water Vapor
14.1. Atmospheric water cycle and climate
14.2. Observations of water vapor
14.2.1. Passive sensors
14.2.2. Active sensors
14.2.3. Homogenization and intercomparison
14.3. Observation of cloud properties
14.3.1. Observations using passive instruments
14.3.2. Observations using active instruments
14.3.3. Multi-instrument synergy for the establishment of cloud climatologies
14.4. References
Chapter 15. Precipitation
15.1. Need for global precipitation measurements
15.2. Satellite observation of rainfall
15.2.1. Visible/Infrared
15.2.2. Passive microwave
15.2.3. Radar
15.2.4. Merged products
15.3. Observation of solid precipitation
15.4. Precipitation and the Earth water cycle
15.5. References
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Glossary
List of Authors
Index
Summary of Volume 1
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