
Virtualization of Universities
Beschreibung
The purpose of this volume is to shape conceptual tools to understand the impact of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the organization of universities. Traditional research-based universities, the most typical representatives of the higher education system, find themselves challenged by the speed and the wide range of technical innovations, but also by a vast array of implicit assumptions and explicit promises associated with the distribution of digital media.
The author observes that as universities increasingly use digital media (computers and the Internet) to accomplish their tasks, a transformation takes place in an evolutionary rather than in a revolutionary way. Using the University of Klagenfurt as an in-depth case study, he explores such dynamic issues as how digital media affect the practice of research, the preservation and dissemination of knowledge (for example, through publishing and archiving), and delivery of education at universities. More broadly, he considers issues of organizational culture and design, administration, and leadership as universities integrate digital technologies into all aspects of their operations.
Weitere Details
Weitere Ausgaben
Inhalt
- Intro
- Virtualization of Universities
- Series Foreword
- Contents
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- Reference
- Chapter 2: The Evolution of Information and Communication Technologies
- Social Systems and Communication
- Communication Systems
- Communication Media
- Nonverbal Communication
- Language
- Spatial and Timely Expansion
- Yes and No
- Script
- Written Communication
- Asynchrony and Potentiality
- More Information
- General Public and Mass Communication
- Anonymity and Individuality
- Standardization of Language and Systematization of Knowledge
- Self-Observation of Society
- Electronic Media
- Telecommunication
- Recording
- Broadcasting
- Digital Media
- Computer
- Programs
- Code and Convergence
- Internet
- Conclusions
- Working Simplification
- Accelerated Returns
- Different Functionalities
- Cross-Fertilization
- Social Structure
- References
- Chapter 3: Three Societal Function Systems and the Impact of Digital Media
- Societal Function Systems
- Success Media and Binary Codes
- Function Systems and Organizations
- Universities and Function Systems
- Universities and Education
- Universities and Science
- Universities and (Academic) Mass Media
- The Impact of ICTs on Societal Function Systems
- The Impact of Digital Media on Education
- Student Services and Student Administration
- Learning Materials
- Notebooks in Education
- Processes in Education
- Purpose of Media Use
- Internal Collaboration
- External Collaboration
- The Impact of Digital Media on Research
- Data Generation
- Data Mining and Analysis
- Data Administration and Representation
- Academic Communication and Collaboration
- Development of New Disciplines
- Integration of Formerly Distinct Research Activities
- The Impact of Digital Media on (Academic) Mass Media
- Preservation of Knowledge Through Publishing
- Preservation of Knowledge Through Archiving
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 4: Preservation of Academic Knowledge Resources as Public Goods
- Global Public Goods
- Knowledge Resources: Private Commodities or Public Goods?
- Knowledge Resources as Private Commodities
- Knowledge Resources as Public Goods
- Scholarly Publications
- Course Materials
- Academic Software
- Intellectual Property vs. Service
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 5: Distribution and Preservation of Learning Material Beyond the Boarders of the Classroom
- Limitations of Personalized Perspectives on eLearning
- Blended Learning
- Material and Interaction as Complementary Elements of Learning Arrangements
- Contexts of Use for Digital Learning Materials
- The Course
- The Organization
- The Global Knowledge Society
- Characteristics of Learning Materials
- Three Metaphors for Learning Objects: Lego Metaphor, Chemical Metaphor, Organic Metaphor
- An Alternative Metaphor: Literature
- Types of Repositories
- Learning Object Collections
- Course Collections
- Generic Collections
- Lexicons
- Collections of Scholarly Publications
- Organizational Arrangements for Distribution
- Open Course
- Partly Open Course
- Institutional Archive
- External Archive
- Connecting of or Harvesting Across Institutional Archives
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 6: Education as an Institutional Achievement: Six Organizational Dimensions for the Use of ICTs
- Education as an Institutional Achievement
- Handicraft Educational Paradigm
- Organizing eLearning vs. the Organizational Use of ICTs
- A Conceptual Framework to Describe the Organizational Use of ICTs
- Products
- Materials
- Teaching Activities
- Intensity in the Use of Digital Media
- Large Enrolment vs. Small Courses
- Individual vs. Collaborative Learning
- Student Services
- Contents
- Disciplinary Differences
- Digital Media as a Topic of Education
- ICT Competences and Information Literacy
- Market
- Target Groups
- Competitive Advantage
- Distribution Channels
- Funding
- Grants and Public Agencies
- New Revenue Streams
- Reallocation of Investments
- Cost Sharing
- Personnel
- Inquiry of Current Competences
- Staff Training
- Rewarding Systems
- Financial Incentives
- Academic Reputation
- Institutional Acknowledgement
- Organization
- Strategies
- Task-Related Strategies
- Instrumental Strategies
- Structures
- Academic Structures
- Service Structures
- Teaching Structures
- Technology
- Hardware
- Educational Software
- Learning Management Systems
- Content Management Systems
- License Models
- Home-Grown Solutions
- Proprietary Software
- Open Source Software
- Conclusions
- Definition of Products
- Distinction of Content
- Positioning at the Market
- Support of Personnel
- Developing the Organization
- Providing Technology
- References
- Chapter 7: The Development of an eLearning Strategy at Klagenfurt University
- ICTs in the Austrian Higher Education System
- Early Funding Policies for eLearning
- New Media in Teaching
- eLearning/eTeaching Strategies
- Institutional Case Study on Organizational Development with ICTs
- Defining Criteria for Potential Cases
- Being Rejected by Prospective Case Study Institutions
- The Development of an eLearning Strategy at Klagenfurt University
- Approaching Klagenfurt University
- Doing Interviews
- Getting Involved in the Development of an eLearning Strategy
- Vision for 2008
- Defining External Priorities
- Sketching Steps for the Realization
- Discussing a Draft Report of the Work Group
- Report of the Strategy Work Group
- Presentation to the Extended Rectors Team
- Developing the Concept for an Institutional eLearning Project
- Commissioned to Draft a Proposal
- Call for Proposals
- Developing and Deciding on the Proposal
- The eLearning Project Open Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt
- Strategic Goals
- Operational Goals and Project Structure
- eLearning Support Network
- eLearning Research Network
- OpenCourseWare
- Student Portfolios
- Preparing the Project Start
- Jury Decision and Negotiation
- Workgroups and eLearning Manager
- New Friends in the OpenCourseWare Community
- Presenting a Local OpenCourseWare Concept
- Publishing Concept
- Editorial Concept
- Technical Concept
- Conclusions
- Definition of the Products
- Distinction of Contents
- Positioning at the Market
- Support of the Personnel
- Development of the Organization
- Supply with Technology
- References
- Chapter 8: Competences for the Effective Use of Educational Technologies at Universities
- The European eCompetence Initiative
- The eCompetence Network
- A Model to Describe Effective Practices
- Institutional Readiness Criteria ( Twigg 2000a)
- Method
- Actors in Education
- Providers of Services and Support
- Supra-institutional Level
- Institutional Level
- Sub-institutional Level
- Target Groups of Services
- Institutions
- Organizational Subunits
- Faculty/Academic Staff
- Students
- Educational Technologies
- Institutional Level
- Sub-institutional Level
- More Specialized Tools
- Educational Products and Processes
- Specified Uses of Educational Technology vs. eLearning
- Distinguishing Between Educational Goals and Modes of Delivery
- Information Literacy
- Digital Culture
- Using Existing, and Producing New Knowledge Resources
- Supporting Existing vs. Creating New Educational Settings
- Self Learning vs. Increased Supervision
- Competences to Effectively Use Educational Technologies
- Pedagogical Competences
- Teaching Structure: Individual Course/Coordinated Program/Collaborative Teaching
- Educational Products: Individual Course/Coherent Curriculum/Customized Teaching
- Intensity in the Use of Media: Supplemental/Blended Learning/Fully Online
- Technical Competences
- Levels of Computing: Desktop/Network/Enterprise
- Modes of Use: What Is at Hand/Choose and Combine/Develop
- Organizational Competences
- Strategic Focus: Technology/Pedagogy/Market
- Support Structure: IT Department/Instruction and Media Production/Integrated Support
- Target Units for Support: Individual Course/Study Programs/ Workflows and Processes
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 9: Why Universities Have to Deal with ICTs at an Organizational Level?
- ICTs as a Fundamentally New Cultural Phenomenon
- New Communicative Forms
- The Digital Divide
- Written Communication
- Research and Education
- Research
- Information Literacy
- Knowledge Resources
- Innovation in Education
- Measuring Innovation
- Quality Improvements and Cost Savings
- The Need for Organizational Change
- ICTs as a Managerial Task
- The Tendency to Rate ICTs Primarily as a Task of the IT Department
- The Tendency of Academic Units to Reinvent the Wheel
- The Tendency of Central Service Units to Create Separate Enterprise Applications
- Managerial Challenges
- Research and Development for the Educational Use of Technologies
- Research for Educational Innovation
- Funding Base for Educational Research
- Design-Based Education Research
- Design-Based Education Research and Organizational Development
- Research and Development for the University
- References
- Index
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