
Antennas Designs for NFC Devices
Beschreibung
Alles über E-Books | Antworten auf Fragen rund um E-Books, Kopierschutz und Dateiformate finden Sie in unserem Info- & Hilfebereich.
Weitere Details
Weitere Ausgaben
Andere Ausgaben


Person
Inhalt
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Preface
- Why this book?
- For whom?
- Warning
- Introduction
- PART 1: Context
- Introduction to Part 1
- Chapter 1: Recap of the Constraints Governing the Design of Antennas for an NFC Device
- 1.1. Normative constraints
- 1.1.1. Uplink from initiator to targets
- 1.1.2. Downlink from targets to initiator
- 1.1.2.1. "Passive" targets
- 1.1.2.2. "Active" targets
- 1.1.2.3. Load modulation
- 1.1.2.4. Retro-modulation voltage
- 1.1.2.5. Retro-modulation voltage in PLM
- 1.1.3. "Contactless" standards versus NFC device antennas
- 1.1.4. Technologies
- 1.1.4.1. NFC-A technology
- 1.1.4.2. NFC-B technology
- 1.1.4.3. NFC-F technology
- 1.1.5. "NFC Forum Devices" and "NFC Forum Tags"
- 1.1.5.1. NFC device
- 1.1.5.2. NFC Forum Devices
- 1.1.5.3. NFC Forum Tags
- 1.1.6. Modes of communication of an NFC Forum Device
- 1.1.6.1. Passive communication mode
- 1.1.6.2. Active communication mode
- 1.1.7. Role of an NFC Forum Device
- 1.1.7.1. Initiator
- 1.1.7.2. Reader/writer
- 1.1.7.3. Target
- 1.1.7.4. Card emulator
- 1.1.8. Beware of false advertising
- 1.2. Regulatory constraints
- 1.2.1. RF regulations
- 1.3. Constraints on the NFC market
- 1.4. Typological constraints of NFC
- 1.4.1. Application consequences and their direct constraints
- 1.5. Applicational constraints on antenna design
- Chapter 2: Introduction to and Recap of the Principles Employed in NFC
- 2.1. The physical fundaments of "contactless" and NFC
- 2.1.1. Phenomenon of propagation and radiation
- 2.1.2. Classification of fields and spatial regions
- 2.1.3. Spatial regions
- 2.1.4. Far field: r && ?/2p (Fraunhofer zone)
- 2.1.5. Intermediary field: r approximately equal to ? (Fresnel zone)
- 2.1.6. Near field: r && ?/2p (Rayleigh zone) . and by essence, the origin of the "NF - Near Field", and hence NFC
- 2.1.7. Remarks on contactless, RFID and NFC application
- 2.2. The concept of NFC
- 2.2.1. Biot-Savart law
- 2.2.2. Field H at a point on the axis of a circular antenna
- 2.2.3. Decrease in the field H as a function of "d"
- 2.2.4. Field H at a point on the axis of a rectangular antenna
- PART 2: Methods and Designs for NFC Device Antennas
- Introduction to Part 2
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 3: "Initiator" Antennas: Detailed Calculations
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.1.1. There are initiators . and there are initiators
- 3.2. Design of an initiator antenna (without influence from the outside environment)
- 3.2.1. Operating mode
- 3.2.2. Instructive recap
- 3.2.2.1. Conditions of power matching of a source/generator
- 3.2.2.1.1. Case where the internal impedance and the load are pure resistances
- 3.2.2.2. A little stronger
- 3.2.2.3. Ever stronger
- 3.2.2.3.1. What is the value of the current in the circuit? Good question
- 3.2.2.3.2. What about the output voltage from the integrated circuit?
- 3.2.2.3.3. What about the voltage at the terminals of the L, C circuit?
- 3.2.3. Choice of integrated circuit
- 3.2.3.1. "Single-ended" output
- 3.2.3.2. "Differential mode" output
- 3.2.3.3. Conclusions
- 3.2.4. Legislational constraining aspects and EMC pollution
- 3.2.5. EMC filtering
- 3.2.5.1. Filtering circuit
- 3.2.5.2. Tuning frequency of the filter
- 3.2.5.3. Condition for transferring maximum watt power to a load Rp
- 3.2.5.3.1. Calculation of the impedance "Z_in_filter"
- 3.2.5.3.2. Example of simulation of the filtering LC circuit on its own(R_ic_out = 12.5O - single-ended)
- 3.2.5.4. Current circulating in the resistance Rp
- 3.2.5.5. Power dissipated into the resistance Rp
- 3.2.5.5.1. Overall summary for the "EMC filter" circuit
- 3.2.6. Choice of target used and incidence of its H_threshold
- 3.2.6.1. Estimation of the field H which needs to be produced by the initiator antenna
- 3.2.6.2. Example of application for a specific target
- 3.2.7. Determining the inductance value of the initiator antenna
- 3.2.7.1. Value of maximum current in the initiator antenna
- 3.2.7.2. In conclusion
- 3.2.7.3. Constraints imposed on antenna design
- 3.2.8. Simple antenna
- 3.2.8.1. Flat circular coil
- 3.2.8.2. Flat rectangular coil
- 3.2.8.3. A few remarks on the content of the table
- 3.2.9. Matching circuit for the impedance of the antenna
- 3.2.9.1. Determination of the impedance-matching capacitance bridge
- 3.2.9.2. Calculating the matching elements of the antenna
- 3.2.10. Calculating the current in the antenna coil of the initiator
- 3.2.11. Summary and examples
- 3.2.11.1. Application without an EMC filter
- 3.2.11.2. Example of application with an EMC filter and R_in =12.5 ohms
- 3.2.12. Simulations
- 3.2.12.1. Application with an EMC filter
- 3.2.12.2. Final example of simulation with second filtering LC circuit
- 3.2.13. Value of the field H radiated by the antenna
- 3.2.14. Calculation and value of the working distance
- 3.3. Maximum quality coefficient Q of the initiator antenna
- 3.3.1. Q and cutoff of the field
- 3.3.2. Decrease in the ISO field
- 3.3.3. Measuring Q in the application
- 3.3.4. Measurement of the bandwidth in the application
- 3.4. Brief handbook on the process of designing an antenna initiator
- Chapter 4: Examples of Applications of Initiator Antennas
- 4.1. Large antennas
- 4.1.1. Communication with a mono-NFC device in "card emulation - battery-assisted" mode
- 4.1.2. Communication multi-NFC devices in "tag batteryless" mode
- 4.2. Large antenna in mono-device
- 4.2.1. Mechanical formats of the NFC device targets
- 4.2.2. "Form factors" and sizes of antennas of the targets
- 4.2.3. Application distances required for operation
- 4.2.4. Estimation of the "loading effects" of the distance or working range
- 4.2.5. Environment (copper, ferrite, battery, etc.)
- 4.2.6. Several measures for illustrating our proposal
- 4.2.7. H_d field necessary for the NFC device target
- 4.2.8. H_0 necessary to create at the antenna level of the initiator
- 4.2.9. Power P (in watts)
- 4.2.10. Field H which must be produced by the initiator for a specific target
- 4.2.11. Definition of the initiator antenna: format of the "landing area" of the reader (where one puts the target)
- 4.2.12. "System" considerations of the application
- 4.2.12.1. Quality Q coefficient
- 4.2.13. Market integrated circuits for direct attack of the antenna
- 4.2.13.1. Existing R_ic_out resistance values
- 4.2.13.2. Necessary R_ic_out resistance values
- 4.2.13.3. Conclusions
- 4.2.14. Booster amplifiers
- 4.2.14.1. Booster amplifier in discrete components
- 4.2.14.1.1. Conclusion
- 4.2.14.2. Booster amplifier in class C
- 4.2.14.3. Booster amplifier in integrated circuits
- 4.2.14.3.1. AM 3911 and AS3911B
- 4.2.14.3.2. AM 39230
- 4.2.15. Problem of the retro-modulation value
- 4.2.15.1. Amplify the signal received/preamplifier stage
- 4.3. Large antennas in multi-antennas
- 4.3.1. In simultaneous mode (temporarily non-multiplexed)
- 4.3.1.1. Division of the mono-antenna of the initiator in "n" antennas
- 4.3.1.1.1. Flow addition and subtraction problems and zones of "zerolines"
- 4.3.1.1.2. Incidences due to voluntary or involuntary coupling of the antennas belonging to the same branch or to neighboring branches
- 4.3.1.2. Division of the antenna in 2 or "n x n" antennas in parallelseries mounting
- 4.3.1.3. Conclusions
- 4.3.2. In multiplexed mode temporarily
- 4.3.2.1. Temporarily multiplexed antenna network
- 4.3.2.2. Temporarrily multiplexed antennaa network with cover
- 4.4. Large antennas in multi-devices
- 4.4.1. Conclusions
- 4.5. Other examples of initiator antennas
- Chapter 5: Antennas for Targets and Tags: Detailed Calculations
- 5.1. Introduction: there is a target and target
- 5.2. NFC Forum Tags
- 5.2.1. "Technology Subset"
- 5.3. Introduction to problems of antenna targets/tags
- 5.3.1. Tuning of the targets/tags
- 5.3.2. The inductance L
- 5.3.2.1. The capacity C
- 5.3.2.1.1. Nominal value
- 5.3.2.1.2. Precision
- 5.3.2.1.3. Capacity electric performances
- 5.3.2.1.4. Performance measurements
- 5.3.2.2. Application fields and uses of additional capacities
- 5.3.2.2.1. Economic aspects
- 5.4. State-of-the-art of the antenna sizes
- 5.4.1. Sizes of the target antennas
- 5.4.1.1. ISO 14 443 antenna classes
- 5.4.2. Examples of applications of targets with antennas in ISO classes
- 5.4.2.1. Class 1
- 5.4.2.2. Class 2
- 5.4.2.3. Classes 3, 4 and 5
- 5.4.2.4. Class 6
- 5.4.2.5. NFC antenna formats outside ISO 14443
- 5.4.2.6. Associated values of the magnetic H fields
- 5.4.2.6.1. Some complements concerning how to measure these magnetic fields
- 5.4.2.7. Calculation of the fields and magnetic inductions of a minimum threshold
- 5.4.2.7.1. Electric representation of the target
- 5.4.2.8. Magnetic field of minimum threshold
- 5.4.2.8.1. Specific case or the target is strictly fine tuned
- 5.5. Technological aspect of the NFC targets and tags
- 5.5.1. Data specific to integrated circuits for usage by NFC targets
- 5.5.2. Data specific to the additional capacities
- 5.5.3. Industrial data specific to antenna technology
- 5.5.4. Technology at stake
- 5.5.4.1. Manufacturing technology of the antenna winding
- 5.5.4.1.1. Antenna winding with the help of copper or aluminum wires
- 5.5.4.1.2. Etched antennas ("etched")
- 5.5.4.1.3. Printed antennas performed with the help of a deposit of conductor ink
- 5.5.4.1.4. Antennas carried out by heliogravure or by an offset process
- 5.5.4.2. Connection technology of the integrated circuit and/or report of the chip
- 5.5.4.2.1. Soldering
- 5.5.4.2.2. Bonding
- 5.5.4.2.3. Flip chips
- 5.5.4.3. Technology of the bridge(s)
- 5.5.4.3.1. Case of single-sided printed circuit
- 5.5.4.3.2. Case of double-sided printed circuit
- 5.5.4.3.3. In summary
- 5.5.4.3.4. Geometric forms of the winding
- 5.5.5. Estimation of the minimum number of antenna coils of the target to guarantee its remote power supply
- Chapter 6: Detailed Examples of Designs of Target Antennas
- 6.1. Case of small antennas
- 6.1.1. Examples in classes 4, 5, 6. or close by
- 6.1.2. Example of design in class 5
- 6.1.2.1. Connected objects (watch bracelet, etc. or of sport)
- 6.1.2.2. Examples of realization possibilities in class 5
- 6.1.2.2.1. Microcase with C = 30 pf therefore L = 4.6 µH
- 6.1.2.2.2. Microcase with C = 60 pF therefore L = 2.3 µH likewise
- 6.1.2.3. Calculation of the fields and magnetic inductions of a minimum threshold
- 6.1.2.4. If that does not happen
- 6.1.3. Example
- 6.1.3.1. Examples of optimization calculations of Qp2 and H_d_threshold
- 6.1.4. Example of design in class 6
- 6.1.4.1. In mini-rectangle (example minicard SIM) (Figure 6.3)
- 6.1.4.2. In mini-circle of F = 10 mm (Figure 6.4)
- 6.1.4.3. In mini-circle of F = 10 mm (Figure 6.5)
- 6.1.4.4. NFC applications for the luxury products anti-counterfeiting struggle
- 6.1.4.4.1. Some technology
- 6.2. Case of very small antennas
- 6.2.1. Example of design in classes 11, 12, 13
- 6.2.1.1. Determination of the inductance value of the "winding + ferrite"
- 6.2.1.1.1. Air core coil - Lo
- 6.2.1.1.2. Coils with ferrite - L
- 6.2.1.2. Together "antenna circuit of the integrated transponder/ circuit"
- 6.2.1.3. External/commercial data sheet tag
- 6.3. Case of the large NFC target/tag antennas: format A4
- 6.3.1. NFC bib number antennas for marathon and triathlon runners
- 6.3.2. Technical properties required by the NFC target/tag
- 6.4. Case of very large antennas targets: format A3
- 6.4.1. Context and technical frame of the large antennas
- 6.4.2. R Retained co oncept
- 6.4.2.1. From the manufacturer of the mobile telephone
- 6.4.2.2. From the manufacturer of photo frames/tablets
- 6.4.2.3. Determination of the nominal inductance value "L" of the antenna
- 6.4.2.3.1. For the antenna of the tag
- 6.4.2.3.2. For the integrated circuit
- 6.4.2.4. Parasite capacity of the antenna coil
- 6.4.2.5. Network of antennas
- 6.4.3. Example of network with four antennas
- 6.4.3.1. Hypothesis no. 1
- 6.4.3.2. Hypothesis no. 2
- 6.4.3.2.1. The two antennas belong to the same connection
- 6.4.3.2.2. The two antennas belong to two different connections
- 6.4.4. Simplification of the equation
- 6.4.4.1. Generalization with a network at "n²" (2, 4, 9, etc.) antennas
- 6.4.4.2. The sequence
- 6.4.4.3. Estimation of the tag antenna minimum surface, "Ae" to recover the necessary flow to the requirements of the application
- 6.4.4.4. Application in the NFC frame/tablet
- 6.4.4.5. Relations between magnetic fields and inductions and H_th_min
- 6.4.4.5.1. Observations regarding a multi-antenna network application
- 6.4.4.5.2. Optimization of the couple N_ant and s_ant
- 6.4.4.5.3. Choice of the number of antennas and incidences of this number
- 6.4.4.5.4. Arrangement of the 9 antennas
- 6.4.4.5.5. Some observations on the table of content
- 6.4.4.5.6. Choice of the winding technology
- 6.4.4.5.7. In conclusion
- 6.4.4.6. Value of the operating typical minimum distance
- Chapter 7: The Initiator-Target Couple and its Couplings
- 7.1. Circuits and their couplings
- 7.1.1. Mutual induction and mutual inductance
- 7.1.2. Perfect mutual
- 7.1.3. Non-perfect mutual
- 7.1.3.1. Leakage flux
- 7.1.3.2 . Examples s: coils of distant coaxia al circular antennas
- 7.1.3.2.1. Fortunattely, there iss often an easier way
- 7.1.4. Coupling coefficient "k"
- 7.1.4.1. Estimation and measurement of the value of k
- 7.2. Tuned circuits coupled by mutual induction
- 7.2.1. Why "almost"?
- 7.2.2. Coupling index "n"
- 7.2.2.1. Optimal values of A1 and A2
- 7.2.2.2. Values of "n" and definitions of weak, critical and tight coupling
- 7.2.3. In conclusion, an important point
- 7.3. Identical coupled circuits, tuned to the same frequency
- 7.3.1. Transfer function, A(?) = V2/V1, in terms of the voltage of the secondary
- 7.3.2. Transmission coefficient "Kt"
- 7.3.3. In summary
- 7.3.3.1. Continued example, with several coupling measurements
- 7.3.3.2. Calculation of the voltage ratio V2/V1 f(?) = A(?)
- 7.3.4. Operation in the vicinity of the resonance frequency f0
- 7.3.4.1. Frequency response of A(?)
- 7.3.4.2. Extreme values (min. and max.) of the transfer function
- 7.3.4.2.1. Weak coupling: n & 1
- 7.3.4.2.2. Critical coupling: n = 1
- 7.3.4.2.3. Tight coupling: n & 1
- 7.3.4.2.4. In summary
- 7.3.4.3. Values of the central extremum of |A| regardless of the value of "n"
- 7.3.4.4. Values of the central extremum of |A| when n 0 (very weak coupling)
- 7.3.4.4.1. Bandwidth at -3dB of the setup as n 0
- 7.3.4.5. Values of the central extremum of |A| when n = 1
- 7.3.4.6. Values of the two lateral maxima of |A| when n & 1
- 7.3.4.6.1. Example 1
- 7.3.4.6.2. Example 2: bandwidth at -3 dB
- 7.3.4.7. Table summarizing couplings
- Chapter 8: The Initiator-Target Couple and the Loading Effect
- 8.1. Loading effect by coupling
- 8.2. Coupled tuned antennas in terms of the primary current
- 8.2.1. Primary (initiator) non-loaded (no target within the field)
- 8.2.2. Primary (initiator) with a load (presence of target(s) in the field)
- 8.2.2.1. View of the primary
- 8.2.2.2. Resonance perceived by the primary
- 8.2.3. Value of R2 in view of the environment
- 8.3. Some food for thought
- 8.4. Loading effect
- 8.4.1. Definition and comments
- 8.4.2. Parameters involved in the loading effect
- 8.4.3. Variation of the working distance and thus of the coupling
- 8.4.4. Magnetic coupling and its consequences
- 8.4.4.1. Form factors of the antennas
- 8.4.4.2. Influences of the antennas' near environments and the form factors
- 8.4.4.2.1. Influence of the environment
- 8.4.5. Performances required by the initiator: loading effect on the value of the remote power supply to the target
- 8.4.6. Quality of the emitted magnetic field
- 8.4.6.1. Detailed study of the loading effect
- 8.4.6.2. Ratio between the currents in the non-loaded/loaded initiator
- 8.4.6.3. Consequences for the magnetic field produced
- 8.4.6.4. Consequences of the size of the initiator antenna
- 8.4.6.4.1. Case of antennas of large dimensions: edge effects
- 8.4.6.4.2. Case of small antennas: "loading effect"
- 8.4.6.4.3. Conclusion
- 8.4.6.5. Extremely important conclusions
- 8.4.7. Examples of coupling coefficients and loading effects
- 8.4.7.1. Example 1: target in classic ID1 format of an ISO card
- 8.4.7.2. Example 2: target in format with half size of the ISO card
- 8.4.7.3. Further information
- 8.4.7.4. Almost concrete examples of applications
- 8.4.7.5. More than concrete examples of applications
- 8.4.8. "Shunt" circuit in NFC
- 8.4.8.1. Calculation of R_sh(d)
- 8.4.8.2. Example of variation of R_sh(d)
- 8.4.8.3. In summary, in the presence of a shunt (Table 8.5)
- 8.4.8.4. Solutions and conclusions
- 8.5. Appendix: how do we approach an NFC project?
- Conclusion
- Technical technological future of NFC "as it is", or almost
- Very high bit rates
- Active load modulation - ALM
- Reduction of H_min and low-power PCD
- NFC and RFID in HF
- The near future and beyond
- NFC, RFID in HF and in UHF
- RFID, UHF and near-field Communication
- Standards pertaining to "mobile RFID"
- Convergences between HF and UHF NFC
- Common reception head for HF and UHF
- In terms of the reception and demodulation chain
- In terms of the antenna
- Bibliography
- Author bibliography
- Publisher bibliography
- Index
Systemvoraussetzungen
Dateiformat: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM (Digital Rights Management)
Systemvoraussetzungen:
- Computer (Windows; MacOS X; Linux): Installieren Sie bereits vor dem Download die kostenlose Software Adobe Digital Editions (siehe E-Book Hilfe).
- Tablet/Smartphone (Android; iOS): Installieren Sie bereits vor dem Download die kostenlose App Adobe Digital Editions oder die App PocketBook (siehe E-Book Hilfe).
- E-Book-Reader: Bookeen, Kobo, Pocketbook, Sony, Tolino u.v.a.m. (nicht Kindle)
Das Dateiformat PDF zeigt auf jeder Hardware eine Buchseite stets identisch an. Daher ist eine PDF auch für ein komplexes Layout geeignet, wie es bei Lehr- und Fachbüchern verwendet wird (Bilder, Tabellen, Spalten, Fußnoten). Bei kleinen Displays von E-Readern oder Smartphones sind PDF leider eher nervig, weil zu viel Scrollen notwendig ist.
Mit Adobe-DRM wird hier ein „harter” Kopierschutz verwendet. Wenn die notwendigen Voraussetzungen nicht vorliegen, können Sie das E-Book leider nicht öffnen. Daher müssen Sie bereits vor dem Download Ihre Lese-Hardware vorbereiten.
Bitte beachten Sie: Wir empfehlen Ihnen unbedingt nach Installation der Lese-Software diese mit Ihrer persönlichen Adobe-ID zu autorisieren!
Weitere Informationen finden Sie in unserer E-Book Hilfe.