Smart Grids and Internet of Things
Beschreibung
Smart grids and the Internet of Things (IoT) are rapidly changing and complicated subjects that are constantly changing and developing. This new volume addresses the current state-of-the-art concepts and technologies associated with the technologies and covers new ideas and emerging novel technologies and processes.
Internet of Things (IoT) is a self-organized network that consists of sensors, software, and devices. The data is exchanged among them with the help of the internet. Smart Grids (SG) is a collection of devices deployed in larger areas to perform continuous monitoring and analysis in that region. It is responsible for balancing the flow of energy between the servers and consumers. SG also takes care of the transmission and distribution power to the components involved. The tracking of the devices present in SG is achieved by the IoT framework. Thus, assimilating IoT and SG will lead to developing solutions for many real-time problems.
This exciting new volume covers all of these technologies, including the basic concepts and the problems and solutions involved with the practical applications in the real world. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.
Smart Grids and Internet of Things:
* Presents Internet of Things (IoT) and smart grid (SG)-integrated frameworks along with their components and technologies
* Covers the challenges in energy harvesting and sustainable solutions for IoTSGs and their solutions for practical applications
* Describes and demystifies the privacy and security issues while processing data in IoTSG
* Includes case studies relating to IoTSG with cloud and fog computing machine learning and blockchain
Weitere Details
Weitere Ausgaben
Andere Ausgaben
Personen
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna, Italy. He has almost ten years of teaching, research and industrial experience and is an associate editor on a number of international scientific refereed journals. He has published more than 750 research papers and has won numerous awards for his research and teaching.
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen currently works at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, and is head of the Esbjerg Energy Section. He helped establish the Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering in 2009 and served as the head of the research group. He has served as a technical advisor for many companies in this industry, and he has executed many large-scale European Union and United Nation projects. He has authored more than 300 scientific papers and has participated in over 500 various international conferences.
Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj is a professor in the School of Computing Science and Engineering at Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India.
He received his PhD in computer science from Anna University, Chennai, India. He has contributed to over 25 books and has 17 patents to his credit. He has also authored over 40 articles and papers in various refereed journals and international conferences.
Malathy Sathyamoorthy is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Kongu engineering college. She is pursuing her PhD in wireless sensor networks and has authored or co-authored over 40 papers in refereed journals and book chapters.
Balamurugan Balusamy is a professor in the School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. He received his PhD in computer science and engineering from VIT University, Vellore, India, and has published over 70 articles in scientific journals.
Inhalt
Preface xvii
1 Introduction to the Internet of Things: Opportunities, Perspectives and Challenges 1
F. Leo John, D. Lakshmi and Manideep Kuncharam
1.1 Introduction 2
1.1.1 The IOT Data Sources 4
1.1.2 IOT Revolution 6
1.2 IOT Platform 8
1.3 IOT Layers and its Protocols 10
1.4 Architecture and Future Problems for IOT Protection 27
1.5 Conclusion 32
References 32
2 Role of Battery Management System in IoT Devices 35
R. Deepa, K. Mohanraj, N. Balaji and P. Ramesh Kumar
2.1 Introduction 36
2.1.1 Types of Lithium Batteries 36
2.1.1.1 Lithium Battery (LR) 37
2.1.1.2 Button Type Lithium Battery (BLB) 37
2.1.1.3 Coin Type Lithium Battery (CLB) 37
2.1.1.4 Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) 37
2.1.1.5 Lithium-Ion Polymer Battery (LIP) 37
2.1.1.6 Lithium Cobalt Battery (LCB) 38
2.1.1.7 Lithium Manganese Battery (LMB) 38
2.1.1.8 Lithium Phosphate Battery (LPB) 38
2.1.1.9 Lithium Titanate Battery (LTB) 38
2.1.2 Selection of the Battery 38
2.1.2.1 Nominal Voltage 39
2.1.2.2 Operating Time 39
2.1.2.3 Time for Recharge and Discharge 39
2.1.2.4 Cut Off Voltage 39
2.1.2.5 Physical Dimension 39
2.1.2.6 Environmental Conditions 40
2.1.2.7 Total Cost 40
2.2 Internet of Things 41
2.2.1 IoT - Battery Market 43
2.2.2 IoT - Battery Marketing Strategy 44
2.2.2.1 Based on the Type 44
2.2.2.2 Based on the Rechargeability 45
2.2.2.3 Based on the Region 45
2.2.2.4 Based on the Application 45
2.3 Power of IoT Devices in Battery Management System 45
2.3.1 Power Management 46
2.3.2 Energy Harvesting 47
2.3.3 Piezo-Mechanical Harvesting 48
2.3.4 Batteries Access to IoT Pioneers 49
2.3.5 Factors for Powering IoT Devices 49
2.3.5.1 Temperature 50
2.3.5.2 Environmental Factors 50
2.3.5.3 Power Budget 50
2.3.5.4 Form Factor 51
2.3.5.5 Status of the Battery 51
2.3.5.6 Shipment 52
2.4 Battery Life Estimation of IoT Devices 52
2.4.1 Factors Affecting the Battery Life of IoT Devices 53
2.4.2 Battery Life Calculator 53
2.4.3 Sleep Modes of IoT Processors 55
2.4.3.1 No Sleep 55
2.4.3.2 Modem Sleep 55
2.4.3.3 Light Sleep 55
2.4.3.4 Deep Sleep 56
2.4.4 Core Current Consumption 56
2.4.5 Peripheral Current Consumption 59
2.5 IoT Networking Technologies 59
2.5.1 Selection of an IoT Sensor 60
2.5.2 IoT - Battery Technologies 60
2.5.3 Battery Specifications 61
2.5.4 Battery Shelf Life 62
2.6 Conclusion 62
References 63
3 Smart Grid - Overview, Challenges and Security Issues 67
C. N. Vanitha, Malathy S. and S.A. Krishna
3.1 Introduction to the Chapter 68
3.2 Smart Grid and Its Uses 69
3.3 The Grid as it Stands-What's at Risk? 72
3.3.1 Reliability 73
3.3.2 Efficiency 73
3.3.3 Security 74
3.3.4 National Economy 74
3.4 Creating the Platform for Smart Grid 75
3.4.1 Consider the ATM 76
3.5 Smart Grid in Power Plants 77
3.5.1 Distributed Power Flow Control 78
3.5.2 Power System Automation 79
3.5.3 IT Companies Disrupting the Energy Market 79
3.6 Google in Smart Grid 80
3.7 Smart Grid in Electric Cars 81
3.7.1 Vehicle-to-Grid 82
3.7.2 Challenges in Smart Grid Electric Cars 83
3.7.3 Toyota and Microsoft in Smart Electric Cars 84
3.8 Revisit the Risk 85
3.8.1 Reliability 85
3.8.2 Efficiency 86
3.8.3 Security 87
3.8.4 National Economy 88
3.9 Summary 88
References 88
4 IoT-Based Energy Management Strategies in Smart Grid 91
Seyed Ehsan Ahmadi and Sina Delpasand
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Application of IoT for Energy Management in Smart Grids 93
4.3 Energy Management System 94
4.3.1 Objectives of EMS 94
4.3.2 Control Frameworks of EMS 95
4.3.2.1 Centralized Approach 96
4.3.2.2 Decentralized Approach 97
4.3.2.3 Hierarchical Approach 97
4.4 Types of EMS at Smart Grid 98
4.4.1 Smart Home EMS 99
4.4.2 Smart Building EMS 100
4.5 Participants of EMS 103
4.5.1 Network Operator 104
4.5.2 Data and Communication Technologies 105
4.5.3 Aggregators 107
4.6 DER Scheduling 108
4.7 Important Factors for EMS Establishment 111
4.7.1 Uncertainty Modeling and Management Methods 111
4.7.2 Power Quality Management 112
4.7.3 DSM and DR Programs 114
4.8 Optimization Approaches for EMS 115
4.8.1 Mathematical Approaches 117
4.8.2 Heuristic Approaches 118
4.8.3 Metaheuristic Approaches 119
4.8.4 Other Programming Approaches 119
4.9 Conclusion 121
References 121
5 Integrated Architecture for IoTSG: Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Grid (SG) 127
Malathy S., K. Sangeetha, C. N. Vanitha and Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj
5.1 Introduction 128
5.1.1 Designing of IoT Architecture 129
5.1.2 IoT Characteristics 132
5.2 Introduction to Smart Grid 134
5.2.1 Smart Grid Technologies (SGT) 136
5.3 Integrated Architecture of IoT and Smart Grid 138
5.3.1 Safety Concerns 140
5.3.2 Security Issues 142
5.4 Smart Grid Security Services Based on IoT 143
References 154
6 Exploration of Assorted Modernizations in Forecasting Renewable Energy Using Low Power Wireless Technologies for IoTSG 157
Logeswaran K., Suresh P., Ponselvakumar A.P., Savitha S., Sentamilselvan K. and Adhithyaa N.
6.1 Introduction to the Chapter 158
6.1.1 Fossil Fuels and Conventional Grid 158
6.1.2 Renewable Energy and Smart Grid 160
6.2 Intangible Architecture of Smart Grid (SG) 161
6.3 Internet of Things (IoT) 164
6.4 Renewable Energy Source (RES)- Key Technology for SG 167
6.4.1 Renewable Energy: Basic Concepts and Readiness 167
6.4.2 Natural Sources of Renewable Energy 169
6.4.3 Major Issues in Following RES to SG 173
6.4.4 Integration of RES with SG 176
6.4.5 SG Renewable Energy Management Facilitated by IoT 177
6.4.6 Case Studies on Smart Grid: Renewable Energy Perception 180
6.5 Low Power Wireless Technologies for IoTSG 181
6.5.1 Role of IoT in SG 181
6.5.2 Innovations in Low Power Wireless Technologies 182
6.5.3 Wireless Communication Technologies for IoTSG 183
6.5.4 Case Studies on Low Power Wireless Technologies Used in IoTSG 186
6.6 Conclusion 188
References 188
7 Effective Load Balance in IOTSG with Various Machine Learning Techniques 193
Thenmozhi K., Pyingkodi M. and Kanimozhi K.
I. Introduction 194
II. IoT in Big Data 195
III. IoT in Machine Learning 197
IV. Machine Learning Methods in IoT 199
V. IoT with SG 200
VI. Deep Learning with IoT 201
VII. Challenges in IoT for SG 202
VIII. IoT Applications for SG 202
IX. Application of IoT in Various Domain 204
X. Conclusion 205
References 206
8 Fault and Delay Tolerant IoT Smart Grid 207
K. Sangeetha and P. Vishnu Raja
8.1 Introduction 207
8.1.1 The Structures of the Intelligent Network 209
8.1.1.1 Operational Competence 209
8.1.1.2 Energy Efficiency 209
8.1.1.3 Flexibility in Network Topology 210
8.1.1.4 Reliability 210
8.1.2 Need for Smart Grid 210
8.1.3 Motivation for Enabling Delay Tolerant IoT 211
8.1.4 IoT-Enabled Smart Grid 211
8.2 Architecture 212
8.3 Opportunities and Challenges in Delay Tolerant Network for the Internet of Things 215
8.3.1 Design Goals 215
8.4 Energy Efficient IoT Enabled Smart Grid 219
8.5 Security in DTN IoT Smart Grid 220
8.5.1 Safety Problems 220
8.5.2 Safety Works for the Internet of Things-Based Intelligent Network 221
8.5.3 Security Standards for the Smart Grid 222
8.5.3.1 The Design Offered by NIST 222
8.5.3.2 The Design Planned by IEEE 222
8.6 Applications of DTN IoT Smart Grid 224
8.6.1 Household Energy Management in Smart Grids 224
8.6.2 Data Organization System for Rechargeable Vehicles 224
8.6.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) 225
8.6.4 Energy Organization 226
8.6.5 Transmission Tower Protection 226
8.6.6 Online Monitoring of Power Broadcast Lines 227
8.7 Conclusion 227
References 228
9 Significance of Block Chain in IoTSG - A Prominent and Reliable Solution 235
S. Vinothkumar, S. Varadhaganapathy, R. Shanthakumari and M. Ramalingam
9.1 Introduction 236
9.2 Trustful Difficulties with Monetary Communications for IoT Forum 239
9.3 Privacy in Blockchain Related Work 242
9.4 Initial Preparations 244
9.4.1 Blockchain Overview 244
9.4.2 k-Anonymity 246
9.4.2.1 Degree of Anonymity 246
9.4.2.2 Data Forfeiture 247
9.5 In the IoT Power and Service Markets, Reliable Transactions and Billing 248
9.5.1 Connector or Bridge 250
9.5.2 Group of Credit-Sharing 251
9.5.3 Local Block 251
9.6 Potential Applications and Use Cases 253
9.6.1 Utilities and Energy 253
9.6.2 Charging of Electric Vehicles 253
9.6.3 Credit Transfer 254
9.7 Proposed Work Execution 254
9.7.1 Creating the Group of Energy Sharing 255
9.7.2 Handling of Transaction 255
9.8 Investigation of Secrecy and Trustworthy 259
9.8.1 Trustworthy 259
9.8.2 Privacy-Protection 260
9.8.2.1 Degree of Confidentiality 261
9.8.2.2 Data Forfeiture 263
9.8.3 Evaluation of Results 265
9.9 Conclusion 267
References 267
10 IoTSG in Maintenance Management 273
T.C. Kalaiselvi and C.N. Vanitha
10.1 Introduction to the Chapter 274
10.2 IoT in Smart Grid 276
10.2.1 Uses and Facilities in SG 278
10.2.2 Architectures in SG 280
10.3 IoT in the Generation Level, Transmission Level, Distribution Level 288
10.4 Challenges and Future Research Directions in SG 295
10.5 Components for Predictive Management 296
10.6 Data Management and Infrastructure of IoT for Predictive Management 298
10.6.1 PHM Algorithms for Predictive Management 303
10.6.2 Decision Making with Predictive Management 305
10.7 Research Challenges in the Maintenance of Internet of Things 310
10.8 Summary 315
References 315
11 Intelligent Home Appliance Energy Monitoring with IoT 319
S. Tamilselvan, D. Deepa, C. Poongodi, P. Thangavel and Sarumathi Murali
11.1 Introduction 320
11.2 Survey on Energy Monitoring 320
11.3 Internet of Things System Architecture 322
11.4 Proposed Energy Monitoring System with IoT 323
11.5 Energy Management Structure (Proposed) 324
11.6 Implementation of the System 325
11.6.1 Implementation of IoT Board 325
11.6.2 Software Implementation 325
11.7 Smart Home Automation Forecasts 326
11.7.1 Energy Measurement 326
11.7.2 Periodically Updating the Status in the Cloud 327
11.7.3 Irregularity Detection 328
11.7.4 Finding the Problems with the Device 328
11.7.5 Indicating the House Owner About the Issues 329
11.7.6 Suggestions for Remedial Actions 329
11.8 Energy Reduction Based on IoT 330
11.8.1 House Energy Consumption (HEC) - Cost Saving 330
11.9 Performance Evaluation 330
11.9.1 Data Analytics and Visualization 330
11.10 Benefits for Different User Categories 332
11.11 Results and Discussion with Benefits of User Categories 332
11.12 Summary 334
References 334
12 Applications of IoTSG in Smart Industrial Monitoring Environments 339
Mohanasundaram T., Vetrivel S.C., and Krishnamoorthy V.
12.1 Introduction 340
12.2 Energy Management 342
12.3 Role of IoT and Smart Grid in the Banking Industry 345
12.3.1 Application of IoT in the Banking Sector 346
12.3.1.1 Customer Relationship Management (crm) 347
12.3.1.2 Loan Sanctions 348
12.3.1.3 Customer Service 348
12.3.1.4 Leasing Finance Automation 348
12.3.1.5 Capacity Management 348
12.3.2 Application of Smart Grid in the Banking Sector 349
12.4 Role of IoT and Smart Grid in the Automobile Industry 349
12.4.1 Application of IoT in the Automobile Industry 350
12.4.1.1 What Exactly is the Internet of Things (IoT) Mean to the Automobile Sector? 350
12.4.1.2 Transportation and Logistics 351
12.4.1.3 Connected Cars 351
12.4.1.4 Fleet Management 352
12.4.2 Application of Smart Grid (SG) in the Automobile Industry 354
12.4.2.1 Smart Grid Can Change the Face of the Automobile Industry 355
12.4.2.2 Smart Grid and Energy Efficient Mobility System 357
12.5 Role of IoT and SG in Healthcare Industry 357
12.5.1 Applications of IoT in Healthcare Sector 358
12.5.2 Application of Smart Grid (SG) in Health Care Sector 360
12.6 IoT and Smart Grid in Energy Management - A Way Forward 360
12.7 Conclusion 362
References 363
13 Solar Energy Forecasting for Devices in IoT Smart Grid 365
K. Tamil Selvi, S. Mohana Saranya and R. Thamilselvan
13.1 Introduction 366
13.2 Role of IoT in Smart Grid 368
13.3 Clear Sky Models 370
13.3.1 REST2 Model 370
13.3.2 Kasten Model 370
13.3.3 Polynomial Fit 371
13.4 Persistence Forecasts 372
13.5 Regressive Methods 373
13.5.1 Auto-Regressive Model 373
13.5.2 Moving Average Model 373
13.5.3 Mixed Auto Regressive Moving Average Model 373
13.5.4 Mixed Auto Regressive Moving Average Model with Exogeneous Variables 374
13.6 Non-Linear Stationary Models 374
13.7 Linear Non-Stationary Models 376
13.7.1 Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average Models 376
13.7.2 Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average Model with Exogenous Variables 376
13.8 Artificial Intelligence Techniques 377
13.8.1 Artificial Neural Network 377
13.8.2 Multi-Layer Perceptron 377
13.8.3 Deep Learning Model 380
13.8.3.1 Stacked Auto-Encoder 381
13.8.3.2 Deep Belief Network 382
13.8.3.3 Deep Recurrent Neural Network 383
13.8.3.4 Deep Convolutional Neural Network 384
13.8.3.5 Stacked Extreme Learning Machine 386
13.8.3.6 Generative Adversarial Network 386
13.8.3.7 Comparison of Deep Learning Models for Solar Energy Forecast 387
13.9 Remote Sensing Model 389
13.10 Hybrid Models 389
13.11 Performance Metrics for Forecasting Techniques 390
13.12 Conclusion 391
References 392
14 Utilization of Wireless Technologies in IoTSG for Energy Monitoring in Smart Devices 395
S. Suresh Kumar, A. Prakash, O. Vignesh and M. Yogesh Iggalore
14.1 Introduction to Internet of Things 396
14.2 IoT Working Principle 397
14.3 Benefits of IoT 398
14.4 IoT Applications 399
14.5 Introduction to Smart Home 399
14.5.1 Benefits of Smart Homes 400
14.6 Problem Statement 401
14.6.1 Methodology 401
14.7 Introduction to Wireless Communication 402
14.7.1 Merits of Wireless 402
14.8 How Modbus Communication Works 403
14.8.1 Rules for Modbus Addressing 404
14.8.2 Modbus Framework Description 404
14.8.2.1 Function Code 404
14.8.2.2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 405
14.8.2.3 Data Storage in Modbus 405
14.9 MQTT Protocol 406
14.9.1 Pub/Sub Architecture 406
14.9.2 MQTT Client Broker Communication 407
14.9.3 MQTT Standard Header Packet 407
14.9.3.1 Fixed Header 408
14.10 System Architecture 408
14.11 IoT Based Electronic Energy Meter-eNtroL 410
14.11.1 Components Used in eNtroL 411
14.11.2 PZEM-004t Energy Meter 411
14.11.3 Wi-Fi Module 412
14.11.4 Switching Device 413
14.11.5 230V AC to 5V Dc Converter 414
14.11.6 LM1117 IC- 5V to 3.3V Converter 414
14.12 AC Control System for Home Appliances - Switch2Smart 415
14.12.1 Opto-Coupler- H11AA1 IC 415
14.12.2 TRIAC Driven Opto Isolator- MOC3021M IC 416
14.12.3 Triac, Bt136-600 Ic 416
14.13 Scheduling Home Appliance Using Timer - Switch Binary 417
14.14 Hardware Design 418
14.14.1 Kaicad Overview 418
14.14.2 PCB Designing Using Kaicad 418
14.14.2.1 Designing of eNtroL Board Using Kaicad 418
14.14.2.2 Designing of Switch2smart Board Using Kaicad 420
14.14.2.3 Designing of Switch Binary Board Using Kaicad 421
14.15 Implementation of the Proposed System 422
14.16 Testing and Results 424
14.16.1 Testing of eNtrol 425
14.16.2 Testing of Switch2Smart 427
14.16.3 Testing of SwitchBinary 428
14.17 Conclusion 429
References 429
15 Smart Grid IoT: An Intelligent Energy Management in Emerging Smart Cities 431
R. S. Shudapreyaa, G. K. Kamalam, P. Suresh and K. Sentamilselvan
15.1 Overview of Smart Grid and IoT 432
15.1.1 Smart Grid 432
15.1.2 Smart Grid Data Properties 434
15.1.3 Operations on Smart Grid Data 435
15.2 IoT Application in Smart Grid Technologies 436
15.2.1 Power Transmission Line - Online Monitoring 436
15.2.2 Smart Patrol 437
15.2.3 Smart Home Service 437
15.2.4 Information System for Electric Vehicle 438
15.3 Technical Challenges of Smart Grid 438
15.3.1 Inadequacies in Grid Infrastructure 438
15.3.2 Cyber Security 439
15.3.3 Storage Concerns 439
15.3.4 Data Management 440
15.3.5 Communication Issues 440
15.3.6 Stability Concerns 440
15.3.7 Energy Management and Electric Vehicle 440
15.4 Energy Efficient Solutions for Smart Cities 441
15.4.1 Lightweight Protocols 441
15.4.2 Scheduling Optimization 441
15.4.3 Energy Consumption 441
15.4.4 Cloud Based Approach 441
15.4.5 Low Power Transceivers 442
15.4.6 Cognitive Management Framework 442
15.5 Energy Conservation Based Algorithms 442
15.5.1 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 442
15.5.2 BFO Algorithm 444
15.5.3 BPSO Algorithm 445
15.5.4 WDO Algorithm 447
15.5.5 GWDO Algorithm 447
15.5.6 WBFA Algorithm 450
15.6 Conclusion 451
References 451
Index 455
1
Introduction to the Internet of Things: Opportunities, Perspectives and Challenges
F. Leo John1*, D. Lakshmi2 and Manideep Kuncharam3
1 Department Computer Science and Information Technology, Prowess University, Delaware, Wilmington, USA
2 School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT Bhopal University, Madhya Pradesh, India
3 Department of Information Technology, B.V. Raju Institute of Technology, Narasapur, Telangana, India
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IOT) and its security is an important role in the modern era of intelligent computing and its applications. The IOT advantages support the individuals and organizations from the remote regions to complete the tasks, operations and services and make their decisions in an effective manner. Providers of services and manufacturers of equipment primarily concentrate on the provision of information and pay little attention to the protection and privacy of the information provided. The IOT integrates a range of innovations and plans through standard communication protocols and special solution schemes to integrate a variety of smart artifacts. As the rising emphasis and major global investments show, green IOT, IOT security, self-configuration, self-adaptation and interoperable communication are the main topics for study. Sensors have been used by different industries to gather data, however their control systems are kept purposely isolated in order to prevent cyberattacks. The deployment of IOT security issues poses the entire evolution of smart objects. The capacity of IOT is extended to connecting devices, machines and applications to the Internet. IOT allows all the connected devices and things to exchange data or even control each other. The different types of current IOT platforms, IOT protocol threats, and IOT layers are discussed in this paper. Experts forecast that after the existence of 5G technology to the extent almost 50 billion devices or things are connected to the internet. This book chapter will be useful for developing IOT applications for organizations, with a better approach and provides a key factor in the decision-making process.
Keywords: IOT security, threats, privacy, IOT platforms
1.1 Introduction
It has now become a buzzword for everyone working in this field of research, with the rapid development of the Universal Object Interaction (UOI or IOT). IOT is the global "intelligent" versioned network for regular physical objects. Its ability to carry out its activities automatically by means of integrated computer hardware, cameras, sensors, actuators, control units and applications. Figure 1.1 illustrates the various layers and its protocols that get connected in the IOT environment. The 21st century is for IOT, which is seen as a physical devices network from electronic and software sensors. The network of around 27 billion physical devices on IOT is now available and the list is expanding. These devices (car, fridge, TV, etc.) can be uniquely recognized by an interconnected computing system and can be linked from anywhere to gain more services and value through effective information and communications technologies. The "THING" in IOT is everywhere around us, like health care equipment, houses, computers, mobiles, livestock, agriculture, humans, energy, industry, logistics etc. Today, intelligent health services, intelligent houses, intelligent traffic and intelligent home appliances are using this technology for greater digital use. Figure 1.1 shows the overview of the IOT environment.
It is possible to classify IOT applications into two categories:
- IOT-based tracking systems: These applications regularly capture and send data to the cloud from attached sensors or computers. Examples include home control, hospital security and intelligent measurements. They also provide online control and data analytics.
- Applications for IOT control-oriented: The program uses sensor data to track linked actuators in real time. For eg, autos, industrial robots and remote operation. The latency, accuracy and usability criteria which differ depending on the application situation. The most common application of IOT devices is data processing. For the calculation of such parameters, most IOT devices have single or multiple sensors. Every device involved in IOT represents a risk, and it is a major threat to an organization about the confidentiality of the data collected and the dataset integrity. Connecting low-cost IOT devices with minimal security mechanisms will face ever-increasing potential security threats. IOT applications pose a variety of security issues.
Figure 1.1 Internet of Things environment.
The major characteristics of IOT are:
Self-Adaptation: The capability of an IOT system needs to adapt with the operating conditions and changing contexts.
Self-Configuration: This feature enables several IOT or IOT devices to work along with larger numbers of devices simultaneously. IOT devices should have the capability of configuring the network, software upgrade with lesser or no manual intervention.
Interoperable Communication Protocols: This feature allows communication with all other devices within the infrastructure.
Unique Identity: Every IOT device has its own unique identifier. Integrated into Information Network: Data from the larger number of IOT nodes are connected to aggregate the data, analyze and predict or decision making.
1.1.1 The IOT Data Sources
Classification of Sensors
Data sources are growing enormously in terms of formats and volume. The scale of data will be incredibly high with the connectivity of numerous IOT connected devices and anticipated billions of sensors too in the near future too. A sensor is a device that detects changes in the environment. A sensor is worthless by itself, but it plays an essential part in using it in the electronic device.
The various types of data sources are given below:
Data from passive sources: Passive sensor data is less effective, low-power and needs to be allowed, generating data only when advised before data can be collected and transmitted. For example, when the readable machine is correctly invoked, only current statistics are provided by a sensor that measures ground-water saturation. These sensors are typically small, durable and used in hazardous, and remote places. Usually, these sensors are lightweight, rugged and used in hazardous and remote areas.
Real time data: Active sensor data streams the data continuously (Example: a jet engine). For easy receipt and extraction of insights from data sources, data capture, processing platforms and infrastructures must therefore be available.
Dynamic source (fog devices) Data: Here sensor data is collected from physical, mechanical, electrical and electronic components attached to the sensors. These sensors can be used to allow IOT devices to transmit data. These sensors possess the inherent resources and capacity to conduct communication with IOT applications based on business, the web and cloud using all types of IOT devices.
Features of Sensors
A node of the sensor, also called a mote, which is a node in a network of sensors that can process, collect sensory information and connect to other linked nodes in the network. A mote is a node, but a node is not a mote every time. The sensors deployed heavily can be the temperature, pressure removal, long-range communication, short-range communication.
The three characteristics for a strong sensor is as follows:
- It should be sensitive to the condition or phenomenon that it measures.
- It should not be vulnerable to other physical conditions or environment.
- During the measuring process, it should not alter the calculated phenomenon or condition.
Properties of Sensor
The most important thing is that a sensor can be defined by different properties:
Range: The initial and final values of the phenomenon or condition that the sensor can measure.
Sensitivity: the minimum parameter change that induces a measurable signal change.
Resolution: The minimal change in the sensor's phenomenon or condition.
There are a wide variety of sensors that we can use to monitor almost any physical aspect surrounding us. Below are some common sensors commonly used in daily life:
Electronic Sensors
Temperature Sensor: Used to measure temperature in the physical environment. For example: thermocouple.
IR Sensor: It is used to detect obstacles and controls direction in the robotic vehicle. Eg.- Device having photo chips with photocell, Tv remote.
Ultrasonic Sensor: It is used to detect high frequency sound waves and measure the distant object. Ex: Transducers, SONAR, and Radar.
Touch Sensor: Touch Sensors are nothing but switches used in electric stove.
IOT Sensors
Proximity Sensor: It is used to find the properties of the existing or non-existing objects. It is mainly used in retail to track the number of particular products sold.
Chemical Sensors: Used to detect any changes in the liquid or air. Eg.-chemi resistor.
Gas Sensor: It is very similar to gas sensors but used in multiple domains such as agriculture, health, manufacturing industries and so on. Ex: Ozone Monitoring Type.
Humidity...
