Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology
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"This second edition is a successfully revised and updatednew version containing also seven new chapters. The authorshave been assisted by an excellent team of co-workers, especiallyexperienced in the field of food sweetness." (Advances in Food Sciences, 1 October 2013)Weitere Details
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Inhalt
Preface xvii
Contributors xix
PART ONE: NUTRITION AND HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS 1
1 Glycaemic Responses and Toleration 3
Geoffrey Livesey
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Glycaemic response in ancient times 4
1.3 Glycaemic response approaching the millennium 5
1.4 The glycaemic response now and in future nutrition 6
1.5 Glycaemic response and adverse outcomes: both physiological and in response to advice 7
1.6 Measurement and expression of the glycaemic response 7
1.7 The acute glycaemic response to sugars and alternatives 13
1.8 Long-term glycaemic control with sweeteners and bulking agents 15
1.9 Are low glycaemic carbohydrates of benefit in healthy persons? 18
1.10 Gastrointestinal tolerance in relation to the glycaemic response 18
1.11 Conclusion 19
2 Dental Health 27
Anne Maguire
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Dental caries 27
2.3 Reduced-calorie bulk sweeteners 32
2.4 High-potency (high-intensity) sweeteners 43
2.5 Bulking agents 47
2.6 Summary 49
3 Digestive Health 63
Henna Roytio, Kirsti Tiihonen and Arthur C. Ouwehand
3.1 Introduction; prebiotics, sweeteners and gut health 63
3.2 Intestinal microbiota 63
3.3 Gut health 64
3.4 Prebiotics versus fibre 64
3.5 Endogenous prebiotics 64
3.6 Prebiotics 65
3.7 Current prebiotics 65
3.8 Health benefits 67
3.9 Synbiotics 69
3.10 Safety considerations 70
3.11 Conclusion 71
4 Calorie Control and Weight Management 77
Michele Sadler and Julian D. Stowell
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Caloric contribution of sugars in the diet 77
4.3 Calorie control and its importance in weight management 77
4.4 Calorie reduction in foods 78
4.5 Appetite and satiety research 80
4.6 Sweeteners and satiety, energy intakes and body weight 81
4.7 Relevance of energy density and glycaemic response 84
4.8 Legislation relevant to reduced calorie foods 85
4.9 Conclusions 87
PART TWO: HIGH-POTENCY SWEETENERS 91
5 Acesulfame K 93
Christian Klug and Gert-Wolfhard von Rymon Lipinski
5.1 Introduction and history 93
5.2 Organoleptic properties 93
5.3 Physical and chemical properties 98
5.4 Physiological properties 100
5.5 Applications 100
5.6 Safety and analytical methods 110
5.7 Regulatory status 112
6 Aspartame, Neotame and Advantame 117
Kay O'Donnell
6.1 Aspartame 117
6.2 Neotame 127
6.3 Advantame 132
7 Saccharin and Cyclamate 137
Grant E. DuBois
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Current understanding of sweetness 137
7.3 Saccharin 139
7.4 Cyclamate 151
8 Sucralose 167
Samuel V. Molinary and Mary E. Quinlan
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 History of development 167
8.3 Production 168
8.4 Organoleptic properties 168
8.5 Physico-chemical properties 170
8.6 Physiological properties 174
8.7 Applications 175
8.8 Analytical methods 179
8.9 Safety 179
8.10 Regulatory status 181
9 Natural High-Potency Sweeteners 185
Michael G. Lindley
9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 The sweeteners 187
9.3 Conclusions 203
PART THREE: REDUCED-CALORIE BULK SWEETENERS 213
10 Erythritol 215
Peter de Cock
10.1 Introduction 215
10.2 Organoleptic properties 218
10.3 Physical and chemical properties 219
10.4 Physiological properties and health benefits 221
10.5 Applications 228
10.6 Safety and specifications 239
10.7 Regulatory status 239
10.8 Conclusions 240
11 Isomalt 243
Anke Sentko and Ingrid Willibald-Ettle
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 Organoleptic properties 244
11.3 Physical and chemical properties 245
11.4 Physiological properties 252
11.5 Applications 254
11.6 Safety 270
11.7 Regulatory status: worldwide 271
11.8 Conclusions 271
12 Lactitol 275
Christos Zacharis
12.1 History 275
12.2 Organoleptic properties 275
12.3 Physical and chemical properties 276
12.4 Physiological properties 281
12.5 Health benefits 282
12.6 Applications 287
12.7 Regulatory status 291
12.8 Conclusions 291
13 Maltitol Powder 295
Malcolm W. Kearsley and Ronald C. Deis
13.1 Introduction 295
13.2 Production 296
13.3 Structure 297
13.4 Physical and chemical properties 297
13.5 Physiological properties 299
13.6 Applications in foods 302
13.7 Labelling claims 305
13.8 Legal status 306
13.9 Conclusions 306
14 Maltitol Syrups 309
Michel Flambeau, Frederique Respondek and Anne Wagner
14.1 Introduction 309
14.2 Production 310
14.3 Hydrogenation 311
14.4 Structure 312
14.5 Physico-chemical characteristics 312
14.6 Physiological properties 316
14.7 Applications in foods 323
14.8 Legal status 329
14.9 Safety 329
14.10 Conclusions 329
15 Sorbitol and Mannitol 331
Ronald C. Deis and Malcolm W. Kearsley
15.1 Introduction 331
15.2 Production 331
15.3 Hydrogenation 335
15.4 Storage 335
15.5 Structure 335
15.6 Safety 336
15.7 Physico-chemical characteristics 337
15.8 Physiological properties 339
15.9 Applications in foods 342
15.10 Non-food applications 344
15.11 Legal status 345
15.12 Conclusions 346
16 Xylitol 347
Christos Zacharis
16.1 Description 347
16.2 Organoleptic properties 348
16.3 Physical and chemical properties 350
16.4 Physiological properties 354
16.5 Applications 366
16.6 Safety 369
16.7 Regulatory status 370
PART FOUR: OTHER SWEETENERS 383
17 New Developments in Sweeteners 385
Guy Servant and Gwen Rosenberg
17.1 Sweet taste modulators 385
17.2 Sweet modulator targets 385
17.3 Industry need for reduced-calorie offerings 385
17.4 Sweet taste receptors 386
17.5 Commercially viable sweet taste modulators 390
17.6 Regulatory approval of sweet taste modulators 390
17.7 Commercialisation of sweet taste modulators 391
17.8 Future sweet taste modulators and new sweeteners 392
17.9 Modulators for other taste modalities 392
17.10 Savoury flavour ingredients 393
17.11 Bitter blockers 393
17.12 Cooling flavours 393
17.13 Salt taste modulators 394
17.14 Conclusions 394
18 Isomaltulose 397
Anke Sentko and Ingrid Willibald-Ettle
18.1 Introduction 397
18.2 Organoleptical properties 397
18.3 Physical and chemical properties 398
18.4 Microbiological properties 401
18.5 Physiological properties 402
18.6 Toxicological evaluations 406
18.7 Applications 406
18.8 Regulatory status 413
18.9 Conclusions 413
19 Trehalose 417
Takanobu Higashiyama and Alan B. Richards
19.1 Introduction 417
19.2 Trehalose in nature 418
19.3 Production 419
19.4 Metabolism, safety and tolerance 420
19.5 Regulatory status 421
19.6 Properties 421
19.7 Application in food 423
19.8 Physiological properties 426
19.9 Conclusions 428
PART FIVE: BULKING AGENTS - MULTI-FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS 433
20 Bulking Agents - Multi-Functional Ingredients 435
Michael Auerbach and Anne-Karine Dedman
20.1 Introduction 435
20.2 Gluco-polysaccharides 437
0.3 Resistant starches and resistant maltodextrins 449
20.4 Fructo-oligosaccharides 454
References 462
Index 471
