
Pituitary Gland and Adrenal Glands: New Research
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Inhalt
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1
- Pituicytoma: A Clinicopathologic Review of a Rare Glial Neoplasm of the Pituitary
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical and Imaging Features
- Histopathology
- Immunophenotype
- Molecular Features
- Differential Diagnosis
- Adenoma
- Pilocytic Astrocytoma
- Meningioma
- Schwannoma
- Metastatic Tumors
- Other TTF-1 Positive Lesions
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 2
- Spindle Cell Oncocytomas of the Pituitary Gland
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Clinical Presentation
- Pathology
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment and Prognosis
- References
- Chapter 3
- Mixed Gangliocytoma-Pituitary Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Clinical Presentation
- Pathology
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Histogenesis
- References
- Chapter 4
- Granular Cell Tumor of the Pituitary Gland
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Clinical Presentation
- Pathology
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment and Prognosis
- References
- Chapter 5
- The Adrenal Glands: Function, Regulation and Disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Surgical Anatomy
- Physiology
- Function
- Mineralocorticoids
- Glucocorticoids
- Androgens
- Catecholamines
- Mechanism
- Clinical Significance
- Regulation
- The Hypothalic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- Adrenal Medulla
- The CRF Family of Peptides
- Vasopressin
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Endocrine Regulation of the HPA Axis
- Glucocorticoid Negative Feedback
- Neuronal Regulation of the HPA Axis
- Brain Stem Neurons
- The Lamina Terminals
- Hypothalamus
- Disorders
- Tumors of the Adrenal Gland with Imaging Features
- Adenoma
- Hyperplasia
- Myelolipoma
- Pheochromocytoma
- Uncommon Benign Adrenal Lesions
- Cyst
- Lipoma
- Hemangioma
- Lymphangioma
- Schwannoma
- Ganglioneuroma
- Adenomatoid Tumor
- Oncocytoma
- Other Conditions Affecting the Adrenal Glands
- Adrenal Infection
- Adrenal Hemorrhage
- Malignant Adrenal Tumors
- Metastases
- Neuroblastoma
- Rare Malignant Adrenal Tumors
- Lymphoma
- Cortical Carcinoma
- Cushing's Syndrome
- Screening Tests for Cushing's Syndrome
- Recent Changes in the Management of Cushings's Syndrome
- General Considerations
- Causes of Cushing's Syndrome
- Alternatives to Surgical Removal of Tumor
- Steroidogenesis Inhibitors and Glucocorticoid Antagonists
- Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome (SCS)
- Dexamethasone-Suppression Testing
- Corticotropin (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
- Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
- Urinary Free Cortisol
- Midnight Cortisol
- Approach to SCS Diagnosis in Adrenal Incidentaloma
- Adrenal Scintigraphy
- Indications for Surgery in SCS
- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- Prenatal and Neonatal Diagnosis
- Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndromes
- The Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (AME)
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Licorice Ingestion
- Ectopic ACTH Syndrome
- Primary Aldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome)
- The Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism
- Other Causes of Hypertension and Hypokalemia
- Secondary Hyperaldosteronism
- Causes of Secondary Hyperaldosteronism
- Nonaldosterone Mineralocorticoid Excess
- 24-Hour Urine Collection
- Oral Sodium Loading
- Saline Infusion Test
- Adrenal CT
- Limitations of CT
- Adrenal Vein Sampling (AVS)
- Indications
- Procedure
- Confirming Successful Catheterization
- Cortisol-Corrected Ratios
- Results
- Familial Hyperaldosteronism
- Pregnancy
- Adrenal Insufficiency (AI)
- Diagnosis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Basal Morning Serum Cortisol Concentrations
- Morning Salivary Cortisol Concentration
- Urinary Cortisol Measurements
- Basal Plasma ACTH, Renin and Aldosterone Concentrations
- Short ACTH Stimulation Tests
- Standard High-Dose Test (250 mcg)
- Low-Dose Test (1 mcg)
- Prolonged ACTH Stimulation Tests
- Adrenal Crisis
- Basal Plasma ACTH, Renin, and Aldosterone Concentration
- Metyrapone Tests
- Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia Test
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Test
- Autoantibody Screen
- Imaging
- Treatment of Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency
- Mineralocorticoid Replacement Therapy
- Treatment of Adrenal Crisis
- Treatment of Chronic Secondary and Tertiary AI
- AI in Critically Ill Patients
- AI during Pregnancy
- AI in Infancy and Childhood
- Adrenal Surgery
- Surgical Approach According to Adrenal Lesions
- Adrenocortical Carcinoma (ACC)
- Pheochromocytoma
- Adrenal Incidentaloma
- Bilateral Adrenalectomy
- Adrenal Metastasis
- Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy
- Open Transabdominal Adrenalectomy
- Novel Techniques
- Robotic-Assisted Adrenalectomy
- Single-Access Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy
- Partial Adrenalectomy
- Postoperative Management
- Mortality and Mortality
- Conclusion
- References
- Biographical Sketch
- Chapter 6
- Glucocorticoid-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency: Potential Risk Predictors and Diagnosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Frequency of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Suppression and Glucocorticoid Therapy
- Predicting the Hypothalamic- Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Suppression
- Assessment of Adrenal Insufficiency before Glucocorticoid Withdrawal
- Withdrawing Glucocorticoid Therapy
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 7
- Significance of Adrenal Gland for Heat Stress Amelioration in Livestock
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Heat Stress Impact on Livestock
- 3. Biological Mechanisms of Livestock to Cope with Heat Stress
- 4. Economic Consequences of HS on Livestock Production
- 5. Pathways Associated with HS in Livestock
- 6. Pathways Associated with Adrenal Gland for HS Relief in Livestock
- 7. Products of Adrenal Gland for Regulation of HEAT Stress in Livestock
- 8. Functions of Adrenal Gland during Heat Stress in Livestock
- 9. Glucocorticoids Action on Various Tissues in Livestock during Heat Stress
- 10. Regulators of Adrenal Gland and of HPA Axis
- Conclusion
- Future Perspectives
- References
- Index
- Blank Page
- Blank Page
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