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Future-proof your medical expertise with this indispensable guide that offers a comprehensive, expert-led exploration of how Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) are revolutionizing healthcare.
Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have profoundly impacted the healthcare sector, introducing ground-breaking applications ranging from surgical simulations and pain management to mental health therapies and patient education. This book delves into the various applications of AR and VR, including deep learning, surgical training, teleconsultation, and patient rehabilitation. By blending theoretical insights with practical case studies, it provides a deeper understanding of how these technologies are being integrated into medical practices to improve outcomes, enhance patient care, and train healthcare professionals. It also explores cutting-edge developments, such as AI-powered AR systems and VR-based mental health treatments, highlighting the future of healthcare innovation. With contributions from leading experts in healthcare, technology, and academia, this book offers a multidimensional perspective on the challenges and opportunities associated with AR and VR in the medical field. Through its accessible language and detailed illustrations, this book is an indispensable guide for anyone interested in the intersection of technology and medicine.
Readers will find the volume:
Audience
Healthcare professionals, medical educators and students, engineers, developers, researchers, and policymakers looking for cutting-edge technologies to enhance patient care and treatment outcomes.
Hari Murthy, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Christ University, Bangalore, India. He has edited three books and published papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests include data engineering and material science.
Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar, PhD is an Associate Professor at Christ University, Bangalore, India. with more than 12 years of experience. He is a certified CISCO and Microsoft trainer in the Data Analytics domain. His areas of interest include data science, information security, computer forensics, data provenance, software engineering, and multiparty secret sharing.
Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of the University of Mauritius, Moka, Mauritius. He has published several papers on his research interests in mobile and wireless communications, multimedia communications, networking and security, telecommunications applications development, Internet of Things, and AI.
Aynur Unal, PhD is based in Stanford Medical School, Global Health Innovation Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA. She has a strong engineering design and manufacturing background and is credited with developing the Acoustics Institute in conjunction with the NASA-AMES research fellowships. Now, her work revolves around social entrepreneurial projects benefitting needy children and the elderly.
Preface xxi
Part 1: Healthcare Practices with AR and VR 1
1 Revolutionizing Patient Care: Augmented and Virtual Reality Applications in Healthcare 3M. Mary Adline Priya
1.1 Introduction: The Rise of XR in Healthcare 4 1.2 Transforming Medical Education and Training 8 1.3 Enhancing Surgical Planning and Precision 9 1.4 Redefining Patient Care and Management 10 1.5 Advancing Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy 12 1.6 Addressing Mental Health Needs 14 1.7 Ethical Considerations and Challenges 16 1.8 The Road Ahead: Future Directions of AR/VR in Healthcare 17 1.9 Economic Implications of AR/VR in Healthcare 19 1.10 Regulatory Landscape of AR/VR in Healthcare 20 1.11 Social and Cultural Considerations of AR/VR in Healthcare 22 1.12 Case Studies: AR/VR Transforming Healthcare Delivery 23 1.13 Conclusion: A New Era of Patient-Centered Care 27
2 Transformation of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Healthcare for Breast Cancer: A Survey 31Mahalakshmi V. and Sasikala G.
2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Introduction to AR and VR Technologies 34 2.3 Significance of AR and VR in Revolutionizing Breast Cancer Imaging 39 2.4 Related Works 41 2.5 AI Integration with AR and VR in Breast Cancer Treatment 51 2.6 Challenges and Future Scope 52 2.7 Conclusion 53
3 Revolutionizing Mental Healthcare Through AR/VR Technologies 57Jacob Tizhe Liberty and Shilni Jacob Liberty
3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Applications of Augmented Reality in Mental Health 58 3.3 Virtual Reality for Psychological Treatment 61 3.4 AR/VR in Psychiatric Diagnostics and Assessment 63 3.5 Teletherapy and Remote Mental Healthcare 65 3.6 Addressing Stigma and Increasing Accessibility 67 3.7 Ethical and Privacy Considerations 69 3.8 Future Directions and Emerging Trends 71 3.9 Challenges and Opportunities 74 3.10 Conclusion 76
4 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Urology: Innovations in Detection and Diagnosis 85Naman Chauhan, Gesu Thakur, Ankush Joshi, Vikash Kumar and Yashvir Singh
4.1 Introduction to Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Urology 86 4.2 Applications of Augmented Reality in Urology 91 4.3 Utilizing Virtual Reality for Training and Simulation in Urology 97 4.4 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality for Patient Care and Rehabilitation 105 4.5 Challenges and Future Directions 108 4.6 Case Studies and Clinical Applications 111 4.7 Conclusion 113
5 Revolutionizing Healthcare: The Impact of Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) Technologies 117Arati Chabukswar, Swimpy Pahuja and Savitri Kulkarni
5.1 Introduction to AR and VR in Healthcare 118 5.2 Technological Foundations 121 5.3 Applications in Surgical Procedures 130 5.4 Transforming Patient Education 132 5.5 Chronic Disease Management 136 5.6 Telemedicine and Remote Healthcare 138 5.7 Virtual Clinical Trials and Research 142 5.8 Obstacles and Difficulties in Implementation 145 5.9 Conclusion 146
Part 2: AI and Computational Intelligence in AR/VR Healthcare 151
6 Leveraging Deep Learning for Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Augmented and Virtual Reality Mental Healthcare Environments 153Manjunath Ramanna Lamani, Asha V. and Padmaja K.
6.1 Introduction 154 6.2 Background and Related Work 156 6.3 Framework for ASD Detection in AR and VR 159 6.4 Implementation and Methodology 160 6.5 Results and Discussion 163 6.6 Personalized Intervention Strategies 167 6.7 Future Directions 169 6.8 Conclusion 172
7 Computational Intelligence and Augmented Reality in Stomatology 175AleS Procházka, Saeid Sanei, Magdaléna Kloubcová, Tatjana Dostálová, Jindøich Charvát, Oldøich VySata, Danilo Mandic, Hana Charvátová and Vladimír Maøík
7.1 Introduction 176 7.2 Methods 183 7.3 Results 192 7.4 Discussion 196 7.5 Conclusion 196 7.6 Future Work 198
8 Reality's New Frontier: Exploring AI-Powered AR and VR Applications in Healthcare 207Gesu Thankur, Bhupendra Singh Rawat, Hemendra Shankar Sharma and Ayush Vaishy
8.1 Introduction 208 8.2 Virtual Reality for Medical Procedure and Education 210 8.3 AR and VR for Public Health and Prevention 214 8.4 Virtual Reality for Mental Health Therapy 216 8.5 AR and VR for Patient Education and Engagement 219 8.6 Augmented Reality for Surgical Planning 221 8.7 AR Medical Simulations 224 8.8 AR Gamification for Patient Engagement 226 8.9 AR Healthcare Remote Diagnostics 228 8.10 AR and VR Drug Design and Discovery 231 8.11 Conclusion 233
9 Machine Learning-Based Disease Diagnosis and Treatment in Healthcare: A Review and Evaluation 239Chandrashekhar Bechoo and Avinash Mungur
9.1 Introduction 240 9.2 Background Study 241 9.3 Research on Existing Systems with Critics 253 9.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation 262 9.5 Conclusion 270
10 Enhancing Healthcare Through AI, AR, and VR: Integrating Human-Computer Interaction for Improved Teleconsultations and Diagnostic Accuracy 275Hans Johnson, Joshua Hayward, Joseph Vayalil Lawrence, Bayarbaatar Bold, Bijetri Biswas, Weiyi Li, Md Hassanuzzaman and Christopher Jacobs
10.1 Introduction to AI, AR, and VR in Healthcare 276 10.2 Technological Foundations and Innovations 278 10.3 Improving Teleconsultations with AR and VR 281 10.4 Enhancing Diagnostic Accuracy through AI 286 10.5 HCI Methods in Clinical AR/VR 289 10.6 Ethical Implications of AI in VR and AR 292 10.7 Future Directions and Concluding Thoughts 295
Part 3: AR/VR Applications in Medical Education and Public Health 315
11 Mixed Reality Applications in Public Healthcare Systems: A Scoping Study of Contemporary Approaches 317Olunike R. Abodunrin, Mobolaji T. Olagunju, Folahanmi T. Akinsolu, Mobayode O. Akinsolu, Olusola A. Ladokun and Oliver C. Ezechi
11.1 Introduction 318 11.2 Current Applications of MR in Healthcare 321 11.3 Benefits and Drawbacks of MR in Healthcare and Challenges in LMICS 325 11.4 Proposed Model for MR Integration in LMICs' Public Healthcare and Tailored Approaches for LMICs 332 11.5 Conclusion 340
12 Virtual Reality for Procedural Skill Training in Medical Education: An Exploratory Study 353Akash Gajanan Prabhune, Ragaviveka Gopalan, Chaithanya V.N. and Adith Chinnaswami
12.1 Introduction 354 12.2 Background 356 12.3 Methods 358 12.4 Results 364 12.5 Discussion 368 12.6 Conclusion 374
13 From Concept to Clinic: Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Emerging Health Diagnostics with a Focus on Autism 381Smrity Prasad and Senthil Vadivu M.
13.1 Introduction 382 13.2 AR-Based Autism Diagnosis 383 13.3 Technological Frameworks for Augmented Reality in Autism Therapy 384 13.4 Case Study: Simulated Virtual Classroom 385 13.5 Approaches for AR-Based Autism Treatment 385 13.6 VR-Based Autism Diagnosis 387 13.7 Conclusions 389
14 Immersive Healthcare: Examining Virtual Reality's Revolutionary Potential Using Case Studies 393Sheena Angra and Bhanu Sharma
14.1 Revolutionary Impact of Virtual Reality (VR) in Healthcare 394 14.2 Importance of Case Studies in Understanding VR's Role in Healthcare 398 14.3 Case Studies on Medical Training 399 14.4 Virtual Reality for Patient Therapy, Phobias Therapy, Persistent Pain, and Rehabilitation 402 14.5 The Application of Virtual Reality (VR) for the Purpose of Visualizing Medical Concepts and Educating Patients 404 14.6 Virtual Reality in Telemedicine and Telehealth 406 14.7 AR and VR in Rural Healthcare 406 14.8 Utilization of VR for Cutting-Edge Data Visualization and Medical Research 408 14.9 Challenges and Possible Approaches 409 14.10 Conclusion 411
Part 4: Next-Gen Digital and Immersive Healthcare Ecosystems 417
15 Integration of IoT, AI, and Metaverse Toward Healthcare 5.0: Navigating Future 419Rajeev Ranjan
15.1 Introduction 420 15.2 Advantages of Collaborative Working 425 15.3 Literature Review of Collaborative Technologies in Healthcare Domain 428 15.4 Current Challenges and Future Direction 435 15.5 Conclusion 438
16 Driving Healthcare 4.0 with Intelligent Connectivity 449Tulsi Pawan Fowdur, Aishani Radhakeesoon and Vladan Pantovic
16.1 Introduction 450 16.2 Healthcare 4.0-Evolution from 1.0 to 4.0 453 16.3 Intelligent Connectivity-Components and Architecture 457 16.4 Use Cases 461 16.5 Use-Case Summary 468 16.6 Conclusion 470
17 Meditating in VR: Immersion, Perceived Interactivity, Positive Thinking, and Psychological Well-Being of Young Adults 475Biju Kunnumpurath, Vishnu Achutha Menon and Ajith Paul
17.1 Introduction 476 17.2 Review of Literature 483 17.3 Methodology 486 17.4 Results 487 17.5 Discussions 490 17.6 Conclusion 493
18 Healthcare Metaverse: A Comprehensive Review of Future Directives, Challenges, and Prospects 499Sreeparnesh Sharma Sivadevuni and Naveen J.
18.1 Introduction 500 18.2 Exploring the Potential of Metaverse in Healthcare 502 18.3 Role of Blockchain in the Metaverse for Healthcare 504 18.4 Leveraging IoT in the Metaverse for Healthcare 506 18.5 Challenges and Considerations 507 18.6 Conclusion 509
19 Upholding Patient Trust in Healthcare's Digital Realities: Safeguarding Data in Augmented and Virtual Systems 513Md. Afroz and Emmanuel Nyakwende
19.1 Introduction 514 19.2 Immersive Technologies in Healthcare: An Overview 516 19.3 Privacy and Security Challenges in Immersive Healthcare 519 19.4 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies for Immersive Healthcare 522 19.5 Multifaceted Defense Strategies 525 19.6 User-Centric Design for Privacy and Security 530 19.7 Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations 533 19.8 Future Directions and Emerging Challenges 536 19.9 Conclusion 538
References 539 Index 543
M. Mary Adline Priya
Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, India
This chapter investigates the significant role that augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies are playing in transforming healthcare. These immersive technologies are reshaping traditional methods in areas like patient care, medical education, and therapeutic treatments, offering an enhanced and interactive approach. The chapter outlines how AR/VR is being leveraged in healthcare, including its use in advanced surgical simulations, real-time medical training, patient rehabilitation, and mental health therapies. By enabling lifelike simulations, these technologies provide healthcare professionals with unprecedented opportunities to hone their skills in a risk-free environment, while patients benefit from more personalized, engaging, and effective treatments.
The chapter also examines the current landscape of AR/VR adoption in healthcare, acknowledging that, although these technologies offer enormous promise, they come with certain challenges, such as cost, accessibility, and the need for technical expertise. It addresses both the potential advantages, including improved patient outcomes, and more efficient training processes, as well as the barriers to widespread implementation, such as regulatory issues and the integration with existing medical infrastructures.
Furthermore, the chapter highlights future trends and emerging developments in AR/VR applications that could further revolutionize healthcare. From improving diagnostic accuracy to creating more immersive therapeutic environments, the impact of AR/VR is poised to grow, making it a critical area for ongoing research and development. This chapter serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, educators, and researchers who are interested in exploring how these technologies can be harnessed to create a more efficient and effective healthcare system. The insights provided offer a deeper understanding of how AR/VR can reshape the future of medicine and patient care, making it a crucial area of focus for anyone looking to stay at the forefront of technological innovation in healthcare.
Keywords: Patient care, augmented reality, virtual reality, XR, healthcare, chronic disease
The healthcare industry is on the cusp of a revolution driven by the emergence of extended reality (XR) technologies. This chapter delves into the exciting world of AR (augmented reality) and VR (virtual reality) and their transformative impact on patient care.
Before we explore the applications, let us establish a common understanding of these terms:
Traditionally associated with gaming and entertainment, XR technologies are rapidly making inroads into healthcare. This surge is fuelled by several factors:
The integration of XR has the potential to revolutionize healthcare across various domains, from medical education to patient care. Imagine a future where:
This is just the beginning. As XR technologies continue to evolve, their impact on healthcare will be profound, fostering a future of personalized, efficient, and empowering patient care. Figure 1.1 illustrates the application of augmented reality in healthcare.
Figure 1.1 Augmented reality in healthcare.
This introduction sets the stage for the rest of the chapter, piquing the reader's interest and providing a foundational understanding of XR in healthcare. The following sections will delve deeper into specific applications and the transformative potential of this technology.
A doctor is using AR glasses to view information about a patient's medical history.
Virtual reality may have the potential to become a regular part of your treatment plan. The latest tool to help reduce chronic pain sounds like it belongs in your grandkids' video game collection. It is called VR-a computer-generated 3D environment you can see with special goggles-and it is gaining traction as a promising therapy.
In November of 2021, the FDA authorized the marketing of a prescription home-use VR device to help reduce chronic low back pain and Harvard-affiliated Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital has been studying VR for a few years now to see if the approach has the potential to manage any type of chronic pain.
"In the past, a lot of providers were using opioids as a way to treat chronic pain. As has become clear in recent years, opioids have many downsides, and providers are thirsty for alternative treatments. That is why there is increasing interest in this technology, and that is why we are studying it," says Dr. David Binder, a physiatrist and director of innovation at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital. Figure 1.2 shows how virtual reality is being used for chronic pain relief.
Figure 1.2 Virtual reality in healthcare: Virtual reality for chronic pain relief.
AR vs. VR in Healthcare
For chronic pain reduction, VR is not intended to excite you but to calm you. The virtual environments are serene nature settings, such as a grassy field with a brilliant blue sky and a rolling stream nearby. You might hear sounds such as birds chirping and water gently bubbling along rocks, and the environments are not always computer-generated. The system Spaulding Rehab experts are studying uses video of real places.
VR devices for chronic pain reduction incorporate other features as well, such as a narrator's voice guiding the wearer to take in the virtual surroundings, do breathing exercises, redirect negative thoughts about pain, or learn about pain responses.
The device Dr. Binder's team is developing is accompanied by additional education. "Patients view the content in four sessions and use a workbook. And if they hear things in the educational content about pain that they do not understand, they have a trusted clinician right there to talk about it and reinforce the concepts," says Lorna Brown, a physical therapist and lead clinical researcher for Spaulding's innovation team.
The integration of AR and VR is transforming traditional medical education, moving beyond textbooks and cadaver-based learning. These technologies offer immersive, interactive experiences that enhance both theoretical understanding and...
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