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The easy way to brush up on your HTML & CSS programming skills
HTML & CSS Essentials For Dummies is your quick and handy reference to all the core concepts of HTML & CSS-the must-know markup and style languages that make the internet go. This no-nonsense book gets right to the point, eliminating review material, wordy explanations, and fluff. Understand all the fundamentals of HTML and CSS, quickly. Perfect for a brush-up on the basics or as an everyday desk reference on the job, this is the reliable little book you can always turn to for answers.
This book is clear and direct, focusing on the key topics you need to know about defining a website's user interface. Great for supplementing classroom learning, reviewing for a certification, or staying knowledgeable on the job.
Paul McFedries is a longtime technical author with more than 100 published titles. His work includes Web Coding & Development All-in-One For Dummies, iPad and iPad Pro For Dummies, Alexa For Dummies, G Suite For Dummies, and Excel Data Analysis For Dummies.
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Getting to Know HTML and CSS 5
Chapter 2: Constructing Pages with Good Bones 23
Chapter 3: Adding Links, Lists, and Images 39
Chapter 4: Building Web Forms 55
Chapter 5: Exploring the CSS Box Model 73
Chapter 6: Selecting Stuff with Selectors 93
Chapter 7: Taking the Measure of CSS 111
Chapter 8: Decorating Element Colors and Backgrounds 121
Chapter 9: Tweaking Text Typographically 133
Chapter 10: Ten Must-Memorize CSS Selectors 153
Index 157
Chapter 1
IN THIS CHAPTER
Finding out a bit about what you're getting yourself into
Befriending HTML
Introducing yourself to CSS
This book is a sort of manual for using HTML and CSS. However, and this is particularly true if you're just getting started with coding web pages, if there's any part of the book that fits the old RTFM (read the freakin' manual) credo, it's this chapter. Everything you learn in this chapter acts as a kind of home base for the explorations that come later.
In this chapter, you learn the basic concepts behind HTML and CSS, get a better understanding of how they work, and get started exploring these powerful technologies.
You can add special codes inside a text file to specify how you want your web page to look. For example, maybe you want a particular collection of words or phrases to appear as a bulleted list. When the web browser comes to that part of the file, it dutifully renders those items as a list, bullets and all. The person browsing your page doesn't get the "render these items as a bulleted list" code; they just get the bulleted list. The web browser performs these and many other transformations behind the scenes. As long as you have the right HTML and CSS markings in the right places, the browser will render your page the way you want.
Your first step whenever you want to create a web page is to start a new text file. To do that, not surprisingly, you need to fire up your favorite text editor:
When it's time to save your work, here are a few notes to consider:
.htm
.html
mypage.html
_
-
.txt
Assuming that you've previously saved your HTML file as I describe in the previous section, your first task is to open the HTML file in your text editor and in your web browser:
With your HTML file open in both your text editor and your web browser, here's the basic cycle you use to build your pages:
Run the web browser's Reload command. Again, how you invoke Reload depends on the operating system:
The web browser reloads the page and displays whatever changes you made to the HTML file in Step 1.
Building a web page from scratch using your bare hands may seem like a daunting task. It doesn't help that the codes you use to set up, configure, and format a web page are called the HyperText Markup Language (HTML for short), a name that could only warm the cockles of a geek's heart. Here's a mercifully brief look at each term:
But even though the name HTML is intimidating, the codes used by HTML aren't even close to being hard to learn. There are only a few of them, and in many cases they even make sense!
At its most basic, HTML is nothing more than a collection of markup codes - called elements - that specify the structure of your web page. For most of your HTML chores, you create a kind of container. What types of things can reside in this container? Mostly text, although often they will be entire chunks of the web page and even other elements.
Most HTML containers use the following generic format:
<element>content</element>
What you have here are a couple of codes that define the container for a particular HTML element. Many elements are one- or two-letter abbreviations, but sometimes they're entire words. You always surround these elements with angle brackets <>; the brackets tell the web browser that it's dealing with a chunk of HTML and not just some random text. An element surrounded by angle brackets is called a tag.
<>
An HTML code by itself is called an element; the element surrounded by angle brackets is known as a tag.
The first of these codes - <element> - is called the start tag and it marks the opening of the container; the second of the codes - </element> - is called the end tag and it marks the closing of the container. (Note the extra slash (/) that appears in the end tag.)
<element>
</element>
/
In between the start and end tags, you have the content, which refers to whatever is contained in the tag. For example, suppose you want to include in your page the sentence This is a web page with something important to say, and you want to punch this up a bit by emphasizing important. In HTML, the element for emphasis is em, so you'd type your sentence like so:
content
em
This is a web page with something <em>important</em> to say.
Notice how I've surrounded the word important with <em> and </em>? All web browsers display emphasized text in italics, so that's how the word appears, as shown in Figure 1-1.
important
<em>
</em>
FIGURE 1-1: The sentence revised to italicize the word important.
There are tags for lots of other structures, including important text, paragraphs, headings, page titles, links, and lists. HTML is just the sum total of all these...
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