Functional Analytical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Erschienen am 3. Oktober 2022
299 Seiten
979-8-88697-288-7 (ISBN)
Beschreibung
Pharmaceutical Chemistry is a scientific discipline in the chemical and pharmaceutical field involved in the design and development of pharmaceutical drugs and their analytical techniques. Analytical chemistry is a branch of pharmaceutical chemistry that specializes in the analysis of various substances. It involves the separation, identification, and the quantification of matter by using classical and modern methods involving the use of scientific instruments. This book is an attempt to expose the analytical techniques used in pharmaceutical chemistry, so that one can possess command in analytical techniques.
Weitere Details
Weitere Ausgaben
Inhalt
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgment
- Chapter 1
- Background
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Importance of Analytical Chemistry
- Fundamental Research
- Product Development
- Product Quality Control
- Maintaining of Pollutants
- Assay
- Medical and Clinical Studies
- Analytical Issues and Their Solutions
- Selection of Method
- Sampling
- Preliminary Sample Treatment
- Separations
- Method Validation
- Assessment of Findings
- Types of Analytical Methods
- Accuracy
- Analyte
- Assay
- Background
- Blank
- Calibration
- Concentration
- Constituent
- Detection Limit
- Determination
- Equivalent
- Estimation
- Interference
- Masking
- Matrix
- Method
- Variability
- Primary Standard
- Procedure
- Reagent
- Sample
- Sensitivity
- Standardization
- Standard
- Standard Addition
- Technique
- Validation of Methods
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- Consent For Publication
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 2
- Separation Methods and Quality Control
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Types of Extraction
- Liquid-Liquid Extraction
- Types of Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)
- Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME)
- Direct Organic Extraction
- Extraction Without Chemical Change
- Ion Exchange Mechanism
- Ion Pair Extraction
- Advantages of LLE
- Disadvantages of LLE
- Solid-Liquid Extraction
- Types of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)
- Normal Phase SPE
- A Solid Phase Extraction Involves Basic Five Steps
- Reverse Phase SPE
- Ion Exchange SPE
- Anion Exchange SPE
- Cation Exchange SPE
- Solid Phase Microextraction
- Supercritical Fluid Extraction
- Process of Super Critical Extraction
- Factors Affecting Extraction Efficiency
- Quality Control Separation
- Chromatographic Fingerprinting
- Thin Layer Chromatography
- Advantages of TLC
- Disadvantages of TLC
- High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
- Microemulsion-Thin Layer Chromatography (ME-TLC)
- Densitometric-Thin Layer Chromatography (Densitometric TLC)
- Two-Dimensional Thin Layer Chromatography
- Graft Thin Layer Chromatography
- HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Disadvantages of HPLC
- Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography UHPLC
- Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography
- Gas Chromatography
- Miniaturized Separation Techniques
- Separation Techniques Isocratic versus Gradient Elution
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- Consent for Publication
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 3
- Physical Methods of Analysis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Solubility Determination
- Basic Concepts of Solubility
- Classification of Solutions
- Mechanism of Solubility (Dispersibility)
- Factors Affecting the Solubility (Dispersibility)
- Solubility Test Methods
- Shake Flask Technique
- Miniaturized Shake Flask Method
- Small Scale Shake-Flask Method
- Equilibrium 96-Well Microtiter Plate Methods
- Column Elution Method
- Solubility Enhancement Techniques
- Applications
- Molecular Weight Determination
- Osmometric Method
- Membrane Osmometers
- Cryoscopic Method
- Ebullioscopic Method
- Mass Spectrometry
- Viscosity Determination
- Factors Affecting Viscosity
- Types of Viscometer
- Ostwald Viscometer
- Falling Ball Viscometer
- Cup-Bob Viscometer
- Cone and Plate Viscometer
- Applications
- Surface Tension Determination
- Factors Affecting the Surface Tension
- Methods for Determining Surface Tension
- Static Surface Tension Measurement Methods for Liquids
- Dynamic Surface Tension Measurement Methods for Liquids
- Surface Tension Measurement Methods for Solids
- Standard Contact Angle Measurement Methods for Various Materials
- Applications
- X-Ray Diffractometry
- Principle
- Bragg's Law
- Thomson Scattering
- Application of X-Ray Diffraction
- X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XFA)
- Working
- Applications of X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
- Polarimetry
- Working
- Features Affecting Optical Activity
- Important Tools CD and ORD
- Applications
- Refractometry
- Principle
- Factors Affecting the Refractive Index
- Applications
- Particle Size Analysis
- Methods Used for the Analysis of Particle Size
- Microscopy
- Sieving
- Sedimentation Methods
- Zone Sensing Method
- Light Scattering Method
- Applications
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- Consent for Publication
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 4
- Classical Methods of Analysis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Acid and Base
- pH
- Buffer Solutions
- pH Measurement Methods
- Application of Indicator for pH Measuring
- Flaws
- Method for Hydrogen-Electrode
- Quinhydron-Electrode Method
- Method of Antimony-Electrode
- Method of Glass-Electrode
- Semiconductor Sensor Methods
- Oxidation Reduction Reactions
- Titration
- Nonaqueous Acid-Base Titrations
- Chelatometry or Complexometric Titration
- Argentometric Titrations
- Mohr Method, Chromate Ion
- Volhard Method, Iron (III) Ion
- Fajans Method, Adsorption Indicator
- Redox Titrations
- Titration Involving Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
- Safety Precautions
- Reagents
- Procedure
- Iodine Redox Titrations
- Titrations Require Iodine
- Iodimetry
- Iodometry
- Ascorbic Acid Analysis by Iodimetry
- Hydrogen Peroxide Analysis by Iodometry
- Titration of Ceric Sulfate
- Principle
- Scope of Application
- Reagents
- Procedure
- Gravimetric Methods
- Precipitation Gravimetry
- Electrogravimetry
- Miscellaneous Types of Analysis
- Recommended Procedure
- Fats and Fatty Oils Analysis
- Acid Value (AV)
- Procedure
- Saponification
- Procedure
- Iodine Value (IV)
- Method I (Hanus Method)
- Procedure
- Method II
- KI Solution
- Procedure
- Hydroxyl Value
- Procedure
- Ester Value (EV)
- Procedure
- Acetyle Value
- Analysis of Alkaloids
- Classification Established upon the Biogenesis
- Protoalkaloids
- Pseudoalkaloids
- True Alkaloids
- Classification Established upon the Ring Structure
- Tropane Alkaloid
- Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
- Piperidine Alkaloids
- Quinolines Alkaloid
- Isoquinoline Alkaloids
- Indole Alkaloids
- Steroidal Alkaloids
- Imidazole Alkaloid
- Purine Alkaloids
- Pyrrolidine Alkaloids
- Tests of Alkaloids
- General Precipitative Reagents
- Colour Tests
- Analysis of Volatile Oil
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 5
- Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Electrochemical Cell
- Notation to Describe the Electrochemical Cell
- Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
- Galvanic Cell Characterized by Following Features
- Electrolytic Cell or Electrolysis
- Electrolytic Cells Are Characterized by the Following Features
- Reversible Cell
- Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)
- Standard Electrode Potential
- Ohmic Drop (IR)
- Electrogravimetry
- Principle
- Electrochemical Cell Construction and Working
- Different Cell Design
- Surface Area
- Stirring
- Electrode
- Types of Electrochemical Methods
- Constant Current Electrolysis
- Factors Affecting the Deposition
- Constant Potential Electrolysis
- Application of Electrogravimetry
- Coulometry
- Principle and Theory
- Types of Coulometry
- Coulometry at Constant Potential
- Controlled-Current Coulometry
- Applications of CPC and CCC
- Coulometric Titration
- Applications
- Conductometry
- Principle
- Method
- Applications
- Voltammetry
- Types of Voltammetry Methods
- Hydrodynamic Voltammetry
- Pulse Voltammetry
- Stripping Voltammetry
- Cyclic Voltammetry
- Applications
- Principle Methods Involved in Voltammetry
- Polarography
- Principle
- Types of Polarography
- Apparatus and the Methods
- Electrodes
- Limitations of Polarography
- Advantages
- Applications
- Amperometry
- Principle
- Electrodes
- Applications
- Potentiometry
- Principle
- Typical Arrangement for a Potentiometric Sensor
- Limitation
- Applications
- Types of Working Electrodes Used in the Electrochemical Analysis (Carbon Nanocomposite-Based Electrodes)
- Mercury Capillary Electrodes
- Carbon Paste Electrodes (SPEs)
- Glassy Carbon Electrodes (GCEs)
- Carbon Ceramic Electrodes (CCEs)
- Graphite Rod or Pencil Graphite Electrode (GREs)
- Metallic Electrodes (MEs)
- Screen-Printed Electrode
- Transparent Conducting Electrodes
- Rotating Disk Electrode (RED)
- Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode (RRDEs)
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- Consent for Publication
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Chapter 6
- Radiochemical Methods of Analysis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- What Is Radiochemistry?
- What Is Radiochemical Analysis?
- General Principle of Radiochemical Analysis
- Drawbacks of Radiochemical Analysis
- Selection of Radiochemical Analysis
- Types of Radiochemical Analysis
- Neutron Activation Analysis
- Principle of Neutron Activation Analysis
- Applications of Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
- Isotope Dilution Analysis
- Radioactive Isotopes Dilution or Direct Dilution of Isotope
- Inactive Isotopes Dilution or Reverse Dilution of Isotopes
- Inactive Isotopes of Multiple Dilution or Double Dilution of Isotope
- Application of Isotope Dilution Method
- Tracer Method
- Principle of the Tracer Method
- Applications of the Tracer Method
- Radioactive Decay
- Radioactive Decay Law
- Types of Radioactive Decay
- Alpha Decay
- Beta Decay
- Negative Beta Decay
- Positive Beta Decay
- Gamma Decay
- Spontaneous Fission
- Electron Capture
- Instrumentation of Radiochemical Methods of Analysis
- Detectors
- Gas Ionization Detector
- Defining the Operating Characterization of Detectors of Gas Ionization
- Counting Efficiency
- Absolute Efficiency
- Resolving Time
- Energy Resolution
- Localization
- Types of Gas Ionization Detector
- Ionization Chamber/Ion-Chamber
- Ion Chamber Types
- Proportional Counting of Detector of Gas Ionization
- Applications of Proportional Counting Gas Ionization Detector
- Geiger-Muller Detector
- Applications of Geiger-Muller Detector
- Scintillation Detector
- Application of Scintillation Detector
- Semiconductor Detectors
- Types of Semiconductor Detectors
- Application of Semiconductor Detectors
- Activation Analysis
- Applications to General Chemistry
- Chemical Pathway Studies
- Studies of Surfaces and Reactions in Solids
- Applications to Life Sciences
- Radioimmunoassay
- Typical Procedures Involve the Following Stages
- Applications of RIA
- Environmental Applications
- Industrial Uses of Radiotracers
- General Applications
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- Consent for Publication
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 7
- Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Theory of Spectroscopy
- Types of Interaction between Light and Material
- Absorption Spectroscopy
- Emission Spectroscopy
- Elastic Scattering and Reflection Spectroscopy
- Impedance Spectroscopy
- Inelastic Scattering Phenomena
- Coherent Or Resonance Spectroscopy
- Nuclear Spectroscopy
- Type of Material
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Crystals and Extended Materials
- Nuclei
- UV-Visible Spectroscopy
- Introduction
- Waves Phenomenon
- Theory
- Absorption of Different Electromagnetic Radiations by Organic Molecules
- Electronic Transitions
- Absorbing Species Containing p, s, and n Electrons
- Beer-Lambert's Law
- Instrumentation
- Radiation Source
- Tungsten-Halogen Lamp
- Hydrogen (or) Deuterium Lamp
- Monochromator
- Filters
- Prisms
- Diffraction Gratings
- Optical Geometry
- Single-Beam Optics
- Split (Reference) Beam Optics
- Double-Beam Optics
- Diode Array Optics
- Sample Cells
- Detectors
- Silicon Diode
- Recorders
- Limitations of UV-Visible Spectroscopy
- Sample
- Calibration of Instrument
- Choice of Solvent or Container
- Concentration of Solution
- IR - Spectroscopy
- Theory
- Instrumentation
- IR Spectrophotometer Consists of Following Components
- Radiation Source
- The Nernst Glower
- The Glow Bar Source
- The Carbon Dioxide Laser
- Sample Holder
- Monochromator
- Detectors
- Types of Detectors
- Thermal Detectors
- Thermocouple
- Bolometer
- Pyroelectric Detectors
- Photoconducting Detectors
- Read-Out Device
- FT-IR - Fourier Transform Infrared
- Atomic Spectroscopy
- Techniques for Analysis
- Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- Instrumentation
- Atomizer
- Flame Atomizer
- Electrothermal Atomizer
- Radiation Source
- Spectrometer
- Calibration Curve
- Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
- Principle
- Instrumentation
- Atomization and Excitation Source
- Flame Sources
- Plasma Sources
- Monochromator
- Detector
- Readout Device
- Mass Spectroscopy
- Principle
- Components of Mass Spectrometer
- Ionization Source
- Acceleration
- Deflection
- Detection
- NMR Spctroscopy
- Principle
- Spin and Magnetic Properties
- Spin Flip
- Nuclear Shielding
- Relaxation
- Spin-Lattice Relaxation (T1)
- Spin-Spin Relaxation (T2)
- Instrumentation
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- Consent for Publication
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 8
- Chromatographic Methods of Analysis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- History of Chromatography
- Classification of Chromatography
- Adsorption Chromatography
- Partition Chromatography
- Ion-Exchange Chromatography
- Permeation Chromatography
- Affinity Chromatography
- Chromatographic Theories
- Plate Theory
- Rate Theory
- Van Deemter Plots
- Paper Chromatography
- Principle of Paper Chromatography
- Method of Paper Chromatography
- Applications of Paper Chromatography
- Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
- Principle of Thin Layer Chromatography
- Method of Thin Layer Chromatography
- Applications of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
- Column Chromatography
- Principle of Column Chromatography
- Method of Column Chromatography
- Applications of Column Chromatography
- Gas Chromatography
- Principle of Gas Chromatography
- Method of Gas Chromatography
- Instrumentation of Gas Chromatography
- Sample Injection
- Carrier Gas
- Column Oven
- Types of Column
- Open Tubular Columns and Packed Columns
- Wall-Coated Open-tubular (WCOT) Column
- Support-Coated Open-tubular (SCOT) Column
- Fused Silica Wall Coated (FSWC) Column
- Applications of Columns
- Detection Systems
- Applications of Gas Chromatography
- Applications of Gas Chromatography in Food Analysis
- Pharmaceutical Applications of Gas Chromatography
- Applications of Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Breath
- Applications of Gas Chromatography in Fatal Strychnine Poisoning
- Application of Gas Chromatography in Evaluation of Human Body Fluids
- Application of Gas Chromatography for the Study of Cardiovascular Disease
- Ion Exchange or Ion Chromatography
- Principle of Ion Exchange Chromatography
- Method of Ion Exchange Chromatography
- Applications of Ion Exchange Chromatography
- Anion Exchange Chromatography
- Principle of Anion Exchange Chromatography
- Method of Anion Exchange Chromatography
- Applications of Anion Exchange Chromatography
- Cation Exchange Chromatography
- Principle of Cation Exchange Chromatography
- Method of Cation Exchange Chromatography
- Applications of Cation Exchange Chromatography
- Size Exclusion Chromatography
- Instrumentation of Size Exclusion Chromatography
- Applications of Size Exclusion Chromatography
- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- Principle of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Method of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Applications of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography
- Principle
- Method of Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography
- Applications
- Diagnosis of ß-thalassemia
- Separation of Plasma Proteins in Urine and Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Principle
- Instrumentation
- Sample Injection
- Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Column
- Detector
- Applications of Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Determination of Pesticides in Groundwater
- Improvement of Resolving Power in Peptide Maps
- Rapid Dose Formulation Analysis
- Analysis of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicines)
- Multi-Residue Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Waste Water
- Identification and Characterization of Metabolites
- In Manufacturing/Quality Assurance (QA)/Quality Control (QC)
- Method Development/Validation
- Dissolution Testing
- Bioanalysis Studies/Bioequivalence
- Toxicity Studies
- Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
- Analysis of Explosives
- Determination of Phytochemicals
- Identification of Static and Kinetic Lipid Phenotype
- Analysis of Free Amino Acids (FAA) in Wines
- Identification of Metabolic Biomarkers
- Drug Abuse
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- Consent for Publication
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 9
- Analytical Methods Used in Biotechnology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- pH Meter
- Operation of pH Meter
- Colorimetric Principles for Real-Time Monitoring of pH
- NMR Spectroscopy
- UV-Visible Spectroscopy
- Optical Spectroscopy
- FTIR Spectroscopy
- Raman Spectroscopy
- Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- Single Crystal XRD
- High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Mass Spectrometery
- PCR
- MASS-PCR Assay
- ARMS-PCR Assay
- Multiplex PCR Assay
- Sanger Sequencing
- ELISA
- DNA Sequencing
- Chromatography
- Fluorescence Based Detection in Earlier Chromatographic Techniques
- HPLC
- Reverse Phase
- Normal Phase
- Analytical HPLC
- Preparative HPLC
- Instrumentation
- Solvent Reservoir
- Pump
- Sample Injector
- Column
- Detector
- UV, VIS, and PDA Detectors
- Reflex Index Detector
- Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD)
- Mass Spectrometer
- Waste Collector or/and Fraction Collector
- Computation and Data Analysis
- Size Exclusion Chromatography
- Ion Exchange Chromatography
- Affinity Chromatography
- TLC
- Primary Amino Acid Sequence of Proteins
- Peptide Mapping
- Glycoproteins
- Gas Chromatography
- Gel Electrophoresis
- Elemental Analysis in Biotechnology
- Conclusion
- Conflict of Interest
- Consent for Publication
- Acknowledgement
- References
- About the Editor
- List of Contributors
- Index
- Blank Page
