Troubleshooting Vacuum Systems
Steam Turbine Surface Condensers and Refinery Vacuum Towers
Erschienen am 27. Dezember 2012
280 Seiten
978-1-118-57092-0 (ISBN)
Beschreibung
Vacuum systems are in wide spread use in the petrochemicalplants, petroleum refineries and power generation plants. Theexisting texts on this subject are theoretical in nature and onlydeal with how the equipment functions when in good mechanicalconditions, from the viewpoint of the equipment vendor. Inthis much-anticipated volume, one of the most well-respected andprolific process engineers in the world takes on troubleshootingvacuum systems, and especially steam ejectors, an extremely complexand difficult subject that greatly effects the profitability of themajority of the world's refineries.
Weitere Details
Weitere Ausgaben
Person
Norm Lieberman is one of the most well-known and respected process engineers in history. With over 47 years of experience and eight often-quoted and often-used books to his credit, he has left and continues to leave a lasting impression on the energy industry. His contribution to the industry is considerable, and troubleshooting vacuum systems is the single biggest part of his business. With a writing style that is unique to technical books, he brings a no-nonsense and practical approach to his subjects.
Inhalt
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- Introduction
- Definition of Terms
- Other Books by Author
- 1 How Jets Work
- 1.1 The Converging-Diverging Ejector
- 1.2 Interaction of Steam Nozzle with Converging-Diverging Diffuser
- 1.3 Compression Ratio
- 1.4 Converging-Diverging Ejector
- 1.5 Velocity Boost
- 1.6 Surging
- 1.7 Critical Discharge Pressure
- 1.8 Observing the Conversion of Heat to Velocity
- 1.9 Jet Discharge Pressure
- 1.10 Reducing Primary-Jet Discharge Pressure
- 1.11 Bypassing First Stage Ejectors
- 2 Making Field Measurements
- 2.1 Getting Started
- 2.2 How to Unscrew Steel Plugs
- 2.3 Effect of Barometric Pressure on Indicated Vacuum
- 2.4 Use of Piccolo
- 2.5 Measuring Deep Vacuums using an Hg Manometer
- 2.6 Measurement of a Deep Vacuum without Mercury
- 2.7 Measuring Condensibles in Feed to First Stage Ejector
- 2.8 Identifying Loss of Sonic Boost by Sound
- 2.9 Identifying Air Leaks
- 2.10 Air Leaks in Flanges
- 2.11 Vacuum Measurement Units
- 3 Tabulation of Vacuum System Malfunctions
- 3.1 Tidal Flop in Delaware
- 3.2 Critical Discharge Pressure
- 3.3 Fouling in Final Condenser
- 3.4 Reduction in Back Pressure
- 3.5 Loss of LVGO Pan Level
- 3.6 Variations in Cooling Water Temperature
- 3.7 Multi-Component Malfunctions
- 3.8 Partial Tabulation of Vacuum System Malfunctions
- 4 Effect of Water Partial Pressure on Jet Efficiency
- 4.1 Vapor Pressure of Water Limits Vacuum
- 4.2 Reminder about Water Partial Pressure
- 4.3 Air Leaks in Steam Turbine Surface Condensers
- 4.4 Variable Cooling Water Temperature
- 4.5 Loss of Sonic Boost
- 4.6 Relative Jet Efficiency
- 4.7 Definition of "Vacuum Breaking
- 4.8 Critical Discharge Pressure Exceeded
- 5 Air Leaks
- 5.1 Upper Explosive Limits
- 5.2 How to Find Air Leaks
- 5.3 Diffuser Air Leaks
- 5.4 Air Leaks on Vacuum Towers
- 5.5 Air Leaks in Heater Transfer Lines
- 5.6 Air Leaks - Turbine Mechanical Seal
- 6 Sources and Disposal of Hydrocarbon Off-Gas
- 6.1 Evolution of Cracked Gas
- 6.2 Sources of Cracked Gas
- 6.3 Cracked Gas Evolution from Boot
- 6.4 Air Equivalent
- 6.5 Overloading Vacuum Jets
- 6.6 Excess Cracked Gas Flow
- 6.7 Field Checking Gas Flow Meter in Vacuum Service
- 6.8 Surging 3rd Stage Jet Bogs Down Primary Jet
- 6.9 Exchanger Leaks Overloads Jets
- 6.10 Poor Vacuum Tower Feed Stripping
- 6.11 Level Connection Purges and Pump Mechanical Seal Gas
- 6.12 Effect of Heater Outlet Temperature
- 6.13 Extracting H2S from Vacuum Tower Off-Gas Upstream of Ejectors
- 6.14 Disposal of Seal Drum Off-Gas
- 6.15 Fouling of Waste Gas Burner
- 7 Motive Steam Conditions
- 7.1 Effect of Wet Steam
- 7.2 Water in Motive Steam
- 7.3 The Tale of Weak Steam
- 7.4 Internal Freezing of Steam Nozzle
- 7.5 High Pressure, Superheated Motive Steam
- 7.6 Effect of Moisture Content of Saturated Steam on Temperature
- 7.7 Steam Pressure Affects Vacuum
- 7.8 Effect of Superheated Steam
- 8 Mechanical Defects of Ejectors
- 8.1 Steam Nozzle Testing
- 8.2 Other Mechanical Defects of Jets
- 8.3 Fouled Steam Nozzles
- 8.4 Diffuser Erosion
- 8.5 Repair of Ejector Body
- 8.6 Changing Worn Steam Nozzles
- 8.7 Restoring Critical Flow
- 9 Condenser Fouling and Cleaning
- 9.1 Fouling Mechanism in Condensers for Refinery Vacuum Towers
- 9.2 Fouling Due to Chemical Additives
- 9.3 Minimizing Condenser Fouling in Vacuum Towers
- 9.4 Fouled Pre-condenser
- 9.5 Fixed Tube Sheet Condensers
- 9.6 Cleaning Condensers On-Stream
- 9.7 Optimum Condenser Bundle Configuration
- 9.8 Chemically Cleaning Condensers
- 9.9 Ball Cleaning Condenser Tubes
- 9.10 Corrosion Control by Better Desalting
- 10 Pressure Control of Vacuum Towers
- 10.1 Positive Feedback Loop
- 11 Condenser Cooling Water Flow
- 11.1 Cooling Water Flow Configuration
- 11.2 Air Evolving from Cooling Water Reduces Cooling Water Flow
- 11.3 Cooling Water Pressure to Surface Condensers
- 11.4 Tube Leaks
- 12 Condensate Back-Up in Condensers
- 12.1 Undersized Condenser Drain Nozzle
- 12.2 Seal Drum Level Indication
- 12.3 Leaking Gauge Glass on Surface Condenser Boot
- 12.4 Condensate Pump Cavitation Due to Air Leaks
- 12.5 Condensate Back-Up in Surface Condenser Boot
- 12.6 Experiment with Condensate Back-Up
- 12.7 Condensate Back-Up
- 13 Seal Leg Drainage
- 13.1 Sludge Accumulation in Seal Drum
- 13.2 Seal Leg Leak Inside Seal Drum
- 13.3 Seal Leg Flange Leak Outside Seal Drum
- 13.4 Seal Leg Design
- 13.5 Inadequate Seal Leg Length for Hydrocarbons
- 13.6 Inadequate Seal Leg Capacity
- 13.7 High Back-Pressure from Seal Drum
- 13.8 Detecting Condensate Back-Up in Seal Legs
- 13.9 Condensate Back-Up Due to Air Leak in Barometric Drain Line
- 13.10 Seal Drum Design
- 13.11 Seal Drum Fills with Corrosive Deposits
- 13.12 Seal Drum Design Tips
- 13.13 An Unfortunate Incident
- 14 Other Types of Vacuum Equipment
- 14.1 Hogging Jets
- 14.2 Use of Hogging Jet on Surface Condenser
- 14.3 Liquid Seal Ring Compressors
- 14.4 Gas Ejectors
- 14.5 Liquid Ejectors
- 14.6 Ejector Compression Efficiency
- 15 Air Baffle and Impingement Plate in Surface Condensers
- 15.1 Mechanical Configuration of Seal Strips
- 15.2 Corroded Brass Seal Strips
- 15.3 Air or Vapor Baffle Leak
- 15.4 Identifying Defective Seal Strips
- 15.5 Air Baffle Clearance
- 15.6 Fouling Mechanism in Vacuum Tower Surface Condensers
- 15.7 Surface Condenser Impingement Plate
- 15.8 Oversized Impingement Plate
- 15.9 Impingement Plates as Vapor Distributors
- 16 Optimizing Vacuum Tower Operation
- 16.1 Steam to Heater Passes
- 16.2 LVGO Pan Level Loss Causes a Loss in Vacuum
- 16.3 Carry-Over of LVGO Pumparound Spray
- 16.4 Optimizing Vacuum Tower Top Temperature
- 16.5 Plugged Vacuum Tower Top Demister
- 16.6 Bypassing Primary Ejector
- 17 Frequently Asked Questions
- 17.1 Vacuum Systems
- The Norm Lieberman DVD/Video Library
- Index
