Renal Vascular Disease
Erschienen am 28. März 2014
XV, 362 Seiten
978-1-4471-2810-6 (ISBN)
Beschreibung
Few references have been published on the renal vascular system and its effect on the cardiovascular system as a whole. Clearly the kidney exerts a huge influence on the circulation and hypertension in particular, but there is a growing concentration on its function across many diseases. This book details the diagnosis, treatment and management of all renal vascular disease.
Rezensionen / Stimmen
From the book reviews:
"This is a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, treatment, and gives brief overviews of research about future interventions and therapies in renal vascular disease. . This is an excellent tool for nephrologists, both clinical and research oriented. It is also a great guide for internists, medical residents, and students. . The colorful images and diagrams are well done. I would recommend this to both clinicians and investigators interested in renal vascular disease." (Josh Minix, Doody's Book Reviews, September, 2014)Weitere Details
Auflage
2014
Sprache
Englisch
Verlagsort
London
Großbritannien
Verlagsgruppe
Springer London
Illustrationen
110
30 s/w Abbildungen, 110 farbige Abbildungen
XV, 362 p. 140 illus., 110 illus. in color.
Dateigröße
20,40 MB
ISBN-13
978-1-4471-2810-6 (9781447128106)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4471-2810-6
Schweitzer Klassifikation
Weitere Ausgaben
Personen
Lilach Lerman and Stephen C. Textor, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Inhalt
- Intro
- Preface
- Contents
- Contributors
- Part I: Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations
- 1: Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations
- Introduction
- How Is ARVD Defined?
- Anatomical Definition
- Syndromic Definition
- Potential Collateral Circulation of the Kidney
- Prevalence of ARVD
- Unselected Populations
- Registry Data
- Ethnic Variation
- Prevalence in Selected Populations
- Hypertensive Populations
- Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis
- Prevalence in Patients with Other Macrovascular Disease
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Heart Failure
- Cerebral Vascular Disease
- Abdominal and Peripheral Vascular Disease
- Risk Factors for Development of ARVD
- Age
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypertension
- Novel Risk Factors
- Pathogenesis of Ischemic Nephropathy
- Development of Renal Parenchymal Damage in ARVD
- Whole Organ Factors
- Animal Models
- Local Endothelial Factors
- Renin Aldosterone Angiotensin System (RAAS)
- Effects of ARVD on the Contralateral Kidney
- Identification of At-Risk Organs Earlier in the Natural History
- Progression of Disease in ARVD
- Progression of Stenosis
- Progression of Renal Dysfunction
- Development of Non-renal Vascular Disease
- Clinical Presentations of ARVD
- Heart Failure
- Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)
- Acute Cardiac Failure
- Renovascular Hypertension
- Loss of Renal Function
- Rapid Loss of Function
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
- Intolerance of Renin-Angiotensin Blockade
- Prognosis in ARVD
- Cardiovascular Morbidity
- Mortality
- Mortality in Association with Other Macrovascular Disease
- Mortality of ARVD Patients Receiving Dialysis
- Conclusion
- References
- 2: Renal Vascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- FMD in Children
- Vascular Distribution
- Histologic Classification and Angiographic Phenotypes
- Natural History
- Clinical Presentations
- Imaging Tests
- Treatment of Renovascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia
- Medical Therapy
- Renal Artery Angioplasty: No Stent
- Indications for Stents or Surgery in Renovascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia
- Treatment Outcomes
- Complications of Renal Interventions
- Summary: Management of Patients with Renovascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia
- Segmental Arterial Mediolysis
- References
- 3: Congenital and Inflammatory Arteritides
- Introduction
- Normal Vascular Development
- Congenital Arteritides of the Aorta and Renal Arteries
- Coarctation of the Aorta
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentations
- Diagnostic Testing
- Treatment of Coarctation in Neonates and Infants
- Treatment in Older Children and Adults
- Treatment Outcomes
- Post-coarctectomy Hypertension Syndrome
- Long Term Management of Patients with Coarctation
- Non-atherosclerotic Renal Artery Aneurysms
- Inflammatory Arteritides: Takayasu Arteritis
- Definition and Prevalence
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology
- Histology
- Genetic Susceptibility
- Imaging
- Natural History
- Treatment
- Middle Aortic Syndrome
- Radiation-Induced Renovascular Disease
- References
- 4: Iatrogenic Renal Vascular Disease
- Introduction
- Renal Artery Interventions
- Dissection, Perforation, or Rupture
- Embolization
- Renal Function Deterioration
- Non-vascular Renal Interventions
- Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair
- Inadvertent Renal Artery Coverage
- Renal Alignment During Fenestrated and Branched Endografts
- Conclusion
- References
- 5: Cardiorenal Syndromes: Renal Artery Disease and Congestive Heart Failure
- Introduction
- Cardiorenal Syndromes
- Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome (Type 1)
- Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome (Type 2)
- Acute Renocardiac Syndrome (Type 3)
- Renal Artery Stenosis: Archetypical Cardiorenal Syndrome
- Significance of RAS in Patients with Heart Failure
- References
- Part II: Pathophysiology
- 6: Models of Renovascular Disease
- Introduction
- Two Kidney, One Clip Model
- Genetic Mouse Models
- Dog Models
- Swine Models
- Swine Atherosclerotic RAS (ARAS) Model
- Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
- Revascularization
- Other Models of Renovascular Disease
- Monitoring Pathophysiological Changes in Animal Models of RAS
- Summary
- References
- 7: Macrovascular Disease: Pathobiology of Endothelial Function, Renal Artery Remodeling, and Plaque
- Endothelial Function
- Endothelial Dysfunction
- Risk Factors for Endothelial Dysfunction
- ARVD as a Cause of Endothelial Dysfunction
- Special Considerations in View of ARVD
- Renal Artery Remodeling
- Plaque Morphology and Remodeling Pattern in ARVD
- Specific Lesion Morphology in the Renal Artery
- Post-stenotic Dilatation in ARVD
- Renal Artery Aneurysm
- Renal Artery Plaque
- Etiology of Renal Artery Stenosis
- Risk Factors Predicting for ARVD
- Traditional Risk Factors
- Non-traditional Risk Factors
- Genetic Risk Factors
- Plaque Distribution of ARVD
- Morphology of ARVD
- Renal Artery Calcium
- Tissue Characterization of ARVD
- Vulnerable Plaque in the Renal Artery
- Disease Progression of ARVD
- Conclusion
- References
- 8: Microvascular Disease
- The Microcirculation: Definition and Role
- Renal Microcirculation
- General Characteristics
- Role of the Renal Microcirculation in Renal Nutrition
- Role of the Renal Microcirculation in Renal Function
- Microvascular Disease
- Definition of Renal Microvascular Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction
- Microvascular Remodeling
- Microvascular Rarefaction
- Renal Microvascular Disease: Cause or Consequence of Renal Dysfunction?
- Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Renal Microvascular Disease
- Renal Microvascular Disease in Hypertension
- Renal Microvascular Disease in Diabetes
- Renal Microvascular Disease in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis
- Renal Microvascular Disease in Obesity
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- 9: Blood Flow, Oxygenation, and Oxidative Stress in the Post-stenotic Kidney
- Introduction
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Renal Blood Flow, Local Perfusion, and Oxygenation
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- Pathophysiology of Renal Perfusion, Oxygenation, and Oxidative Stress in Renovascular Disease
- Responses to Acutely Reduced Renal Artery Pressure
- Renal Perfusion and Glomerular Filtration
- Renal Oxygenation
- Reactive Oxygen Species
- Subacute Responses to Reduced Renal Artery Pressure
- Pathophysiology of the Chronically Post-stenotic Kidney
- Experimental Models
- Renal Perfusion and Glomerular Filtration
- Oxidative Stress
- Renal Oxygenation
- Role of Hypoxia in the Progression of RVD
- Clinical Implications/Therapy
- References
- 10: Tubulointerstitial Injury: Signaling Pathways, Inflammation, Fibrogenesis
- Renal Artery Stenosis: Scope of the Problem
- Histopathologic Findings in Humans with Severe Renal Artery Stenosis
- Animal Models of RVD
- Mechanisms of Renal Disease in Patients with RVH
- The Renin-Angiotensin System and RVH
- TGF-ß and RVH
- MAPK Pathways and RVD
- The Role of Inflammation in RVH
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- 11: Interaction Between Stenotic and Contralateral Kidneys: Unique Features of Each in Unilateral Disease
- Introduction
- Contribution of Each Kidney to the Diverse Phases of Unilateral Renovascular Hypertension
- Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Renal Hemodynamic Changes During Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis
- Changes in the Acute/Immediate Phase
- Progression of the Changes in Renal Hemodynamics
- Response of the Stenotic and Contralateral Kidneys to Correction of the Stenosis
- Factors Influencing the Function of the Ipsilateral vs Contralateral Kidney
- Renal and Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
- The Angiotensin-Endothelin- Oxidative Stress Axis
- Renal Eicosanoids in Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis
- Nitric Oxide (NO)
- Additional Mediators of Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Renal Disease Progression
- Structural Changes in the Stenotic and Contralateral Kidney
- References
- Part III: Diagnostic Evaluation: Imaging and Physiologic Studies
- 12: Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography
- Introduction
- Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography as an Epidemiological Tool
- Technique for Performance of Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography
- Native Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography
- Ultrasound Surveillance Criteria Following Renal Artery Stent Revascularization
- Transplant Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography
- Other Findings on RADUS
- Conclusion
- References
- 13: CT Angiography of the Renal Arteries
- Indications for Renal Arterial CT Angiography
- Optimization of Renal Arterial CTA Acquisitions
- Comparison to Other Modalities
- Display of Variant Anatomy and Pathology with Multiplanar 2D and 3D Reconstructions
- Renal Donor Evaluation
- Renal Arterial Atherosclerotic Ostial Stenosis
- Fibromuscular Dysplasia
- Renal Arterial Dissection and Thrombosis
- Vasculitis
- Renal Arterial Aneurysm
- Renal Trauma
- Nephron-Sparing Surgery/Follow-up
- Future Opportunities in CTA of the Kidneys
- Conclusion
- References
- 14: Renal MR Angiography
- Introduction
- Contrast-Enhanced Renal MRA
- Non-contrast Renal MRA
- Additional Techniques
- Phase Contrast MRA
- 2D and 3D SSFP
- 2D and 3D Time-of-Flight MRA
- Clinical Utility
- Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis
- Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD)
- Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Renal Transplantation
- Renal Artery Aneurysms
- Recent and Future Developments
- Summary
- References
- 15: Radionuclide Studies
- Historical Overview
- Technique
- Data Processing and Interpretation
- Captopril or Other Pharmacological Options
- Potential Confounders of the Interpretation of Radionuclide Studies
- Results of Screening for Renal Artery Stenosis in Large Studies
- Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews
- Individual Large Studies
- Results for Prediction of Blood Pressure Response After Angioplasty
- Comparisons with Other Screening Modalities
- The Future?
- Conclusion
- References
- 16: Measurement of the Renin-Angiotensin System
- Introduction
- Evaluation of Renin-Angiotensin System
- Role of Functional Studies in Renovascular Hypertension
- Peripheral Plasma Renin Activity
- Captopril-Enhanced Renography
- Renal Vein Measurements
- References
- 17: Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) MR Analysis of Tissue Oxygenation in Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis
- Introduction
- Renal Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation
- Measurements of Renal Oxygenation and Evaluation of Hypoxia
- Evaluation of Kidney Tissue Deoxyhemoglobin Using BOLD MRI
- Comparison of 1.5 and 3 T BOLD MR to Study Kidney Oxygenation
- Application of Renal BOLD MRI
- Hypertension
- Renovascular Disease
- Limitations and Future Directions
- Conclusion
- References
- 18: Tissue Histopathologic Injury in Renovascular Occlusive Disease
- Introduction
- Histopathology of the Kidney in Renovascular Disease
- Technical Considerations of Renal Biopsy in Atherosclerotic RAS
- Prospective Study in Patients with Moderate Unilateral ARAS
- Conclusion
- References
- Part IV: Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy: Management Strategies
- 19: Medical Management of Renovascular Disease
- Introduction
- Choosing the Best Candidate for Medical Therapy
- Evolution of Medical Therapy for the Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension
- The Era Before Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
- The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Era
- Concerns About Medical Therapy
- Acute Renal Failure
- Progressive Renal Ischemia
- Hyperkalemia
- A Personal Approach to the Medical Management of Hypertension Associated with Renovascular Disease
- Management Options in the Patient Who Is Failing Medical Therapy
- References
- 20: Endovascular Treatment of Renal Artery Stenosis
- Introduction
- Randomized Control Trials of Renal Artery Angioplasty and Stent Placement
- Endovascular Stent Placement
- Use of Embolic Protection Devices
- Drug Eluting Stent Placement
- Follow-Up of Patients After Stent Placement
- Outcomes for Hypertension
- Outcomes for Preserving or Improving Kidney Function
- Complications After Renal Artery Stent Placement
- Treatment of Restenosis
- Conclusion
- References
- 21: Surgical Revascularization
- Introduction
- Indications
- Treatment
- Surgical Approach and Technique
- Atherosclerotic Disease
- Failed Endovascular Revascularization
- Fibromuscular Dysplasia
- Children and Adolescents
- Complex Aortic Repair
- References
- Part V: Beyond Restoring Renal Blood Flow: The Future of Renovascular Disease and Renal Repair
- 22: Future Mechanisms of Reversing Kidney Injury
- Endogenous Mechanisms for Restoration of Blood Delivery to the Stenotic Kidney
- Maneuvers to Decrease Revascularization Injury
- Ischemic/Reperfusion and Mitochondrial Injury
- Pharmacological Approaches
- Pre-conditioning
- Enhancement of Intra-renal Microcirculation
- Cell-Based Repair
- Angiogenic Growth Factors
- Anti-fibrotic Interventions
- Decrease in Tissue Inflammation/Immune Responses
- Novel Injury Modulators
- Summary: Future Directions
- References
- Index
