Renal Vascular Disease

Name: Renal Vascular Disease
Brand: Springer
Price: 106.99 EUR
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Lilach O. Lerman Stephen C. Textor(Herausgeber*in)

Springer (Verlag)

Erschienen am 28. März 2014

XV, 362 Seiten

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978-1-4471-2810-6 (ISBN)

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Intro
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations
1: Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations
Introduction
How Is ARVD Defined?
Anatomical Definition
Syndromic Definition
Potential Collateral Circulation of the Kidney
Prevalence of ARVD
Unselected Populations
Registry Data
Ethnic Variation
Prevalence in Selected Populations
Hypertensive Populations
Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis
Prevalence in Patients with Other Macrovascular Disease
Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Failure
Cerebral Vascular Disease
Abdominal and Peripheral Vascular Disease
Risk Factors for Development of ARVD
Age
Smoking
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Novel Risk Factors
Pathogenesis of Ischemic Nephropathy
Development of Renal Parenchymal Damage in ARVD
Whole Organ Factors
Animal Models
Local Endothelial Factors
Renin Aldosterone Angiotensin System (RAAS)
Effects of ARVD on the Contralateral Kidney
Identification of At-Risk Organs Earlier in the Natural History
Progression of Disease in ARVD
Progression of Stenosis
Progression of Renal Dysfunction
Development of Non-renal Vascular Disease
Clinical Presentations of ARVD
Heart Failure
Chronic Heart Failure (CHF)
Acute Cardiac Failure
Renovascular Hypertension
Loss of Renal Function
Rapid Loss of Function
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Intolerance of Renin-Angiotensin Blockade
Prognosis in ARVD
Cardiovascular Morbidity
Mortality
Mortality in Association with Other Macrovascular Disease
Mortality of ARVD Patients Receiving Dialysis
Conclusion
References
2: Renal Vascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
FMD in Children
Vascular Distribution
Histologic Classification and Angiographic Phenotypes
Natural History
Clinical Presentations
Imaging Tests
Treatment of Renovascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Medical Therapy
Renal Artery Angioplasty: No Stent
Indications for Stents or Surgery in Renovascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Treatment Outcomes
Complications of Renal Interventions
Summary: Management of Patients with Renovascular Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Segmental Arterial Mediolysis
References
3: Congenital and Inflammatory Arteritides
Introduction
Normal Vascular Development
Congenital Arteritides of the Aorta and Renal Arteries
Coarctation of the Aorta
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentations
Diagnostic Testing
Treatment of Coarctation in Neonates and Infants
Treatment in Older Children and Adults
Treatment Outcomes
Post-coarctectomy Hypertension Syndrome
Long Term Management of Patients with Coarctation
Non-atherosclerotic Renal Artery Aneurysms
Inflammatory Arteritides: Takayasu Arteritis
Definition and Prevalence
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Pathophysiology
Histology
Genetic Susceptibility
Imaging
Natural History
Treatment
Middle Aortic Syndrome
Radiation-Induced Renovascular Disease
References
4: Iatrogenic Renal Vascular Disease
Introduction
Renal Artery Interventions
Dissection, Perforation, or Rupture
Embolization
Renal Function Deterioration
Non-vascular Renal Interventions
Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Inadvertent Renal Artery Coverage
Renal Alignment During Fenestrated and Branched Endografts
Conclusion
References
5: Cardiorenal Syndromes: Renal Artery Disease and Congestive Heart Failure
Introduction
Cardiorenal Syndromes
Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome (Type 1)
Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome (Type 2)
Acute Renocardiac Syndrome (Type 3)
Renal Artery Stenosis: Archetypical Cardiorenal Syndrome
Significance of RAS in Patients with Heart Failure
References
Part II: Pathophysiology
6: Models of Renovascular Disease
Introduction
Two Kidney, One Clip Model
Genetic Mouse Models
Dog Models
Swine Models
Swine Atherosclerotic RAS (ARAS) Model
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Revascularization
Other Models of Renovascular Disease
Monitoring Pathophysiological Changes in Animal Models of RAS
Summary
References
7: Macrovascular Disease: Pathobiology of Endothelial Function, Renal Artery Remodeling, and Plaque
Endothelial Function
Endothelial Dysfunction
Risk Factors for Endothelial Dysfunction
ARVD as a Cause of Endothelial Dysfunction
Special Considerations in View of ARVD
Renal Artery Remodeling
Plaque Morphology and Remodeling Pattern in ARVD
Specific Lesion Morphology in the Renal Artery
Post-stenotic Dilatation in ARVD
Renal Artery Aneurysm
Renal Artery Plaque
Etiology of Renal Artery Stenosis
Risk Factors Predicting for ARVD
Traditional Risk Factors
Non-traditional Risk Factors
Genetic Risk Factors
Plaque Distribution of ARVD
Morphology of ARVD
Renal Artery Calcium
Tissue Characterization of ARVD
Vulnerable Plaque in the Renal Artery
Disease Progression of ARVD
Conclusion
References
8: Microvascular Disease
The Microcirculation: Definition and Role
Renal Microcirculation
General Characteristics
Role of the Renal Microcirculation in Renal Nutrition
Role of the Renal Microcirculation in Renal Function
Microvascular Disease
Definition of Renal Microvascular Disease
Pathophysiology
Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction
Microvascular Remodeling
Microvascular Rarefaction
Renal Microvascular Disease: Cause or Consequence of Renal Dysfunction?
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Renal Microvascular Disease
Renal Microvascular Disease in Hypertension
Renal Microvascular Disease in Diabetes
Renal Microvascular Disease in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis
Renal Microvascular Disease in Obesity
Summary and Conclusions
References
9: Blood Flow, Oxygenation, and Oxidative Stress in the Post-stenotic Kidney
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Renal Blood Flow, Local Perfusion, and Oxygenation
Reactive Oxygen Species
Pathophysiology of Renal Perfusion, Oxygenation, and Oxidative Stress in Renovascular Disease
Responses to Acutely Reduced Renal Artery Pressure
Renal Perfusion and Glomerular Filtration
Renal Oxygenation
Reactive Oxygen Species
Subacute Responses to Reduced Renal Artery Pressure
Pathophysiology of the Chronically Post-stenotic Kidney
Experimental Models
Renal Perfusion and Glomerular Filtration
Oxidative Stress
Renal Oxygenation
Role of Hypoxia in the Progression of RVD
Clinical Implications/Therapy
References
10: Tubulointerstitial Injury: Signaling Pathways, Inflammation, Fibrogenesis
Renal Artery Stenosis: Scope of the Problem
Histopathologic Findings in Humans with Severe Renal Artery Stenosis
Animal Models of RVD
Mechanisms of Renal Disease in Patients with RVH
The Renin-Angiotensin System and RVH
TGF-ß and RVH
MAPK Pathways and RVD
The Role of Inflammation in RVH
Summary and Conclusions
References
11: Interaction Between Stenotic and Contralateral Kidneys: Unique Features of Each in Unilateral Disease
Introduction
Contribution of Each Kidney to the Diverse Phases of Unilateral Renovascular Hypertension
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Renal Hemodynamic Changes During Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis
Changes in the Acute/Immediate Phase
Progression of the Changes in Renal Hemodynamics
Response of the Stenotic and Contralateral Kidneys to Correction of the Stenosis
Factors Influencing the Function of the Ipsilateral vs Contralateral Kidney
Renal and Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
The Angiotensin-Endothelin- Oxidative Stress Axis
Renal Eicosanoids in Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Additional Mediators of Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Renal Disease Progression
Structural Changes in the Stenotic and Contralateral Kidney
References
Part III: Diagnostic Evaluation: Imaging and Physiologic Studies
12: Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography
Introduction
Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography as an Epidemiological Tool
Technique for Performance of Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography
Native Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography
Ultrasound Surveillance Criteria Following Renal Artery Stent Revascularization
Transplant Renal Artery Duplex Ultrasonography
Other Findings on RADUS
Conclusion
References
13: CT Angiography of the Renal Arteries
Indications for Renal Arterial CT Angiography
Optimization of Renal Arterial CTA Acquisitions
Comparison to Other Modalities
Display of Variant Anatomy and Pathology with Multiplanar 2D and 3D Reconstructions
Renal Donor Evaluation
Renal Arterial Atherosclerotic Ostial Stenosis
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Renal Arterial Dissection and Thrombosis
Vasculitis
Renal Arterial Aneurysm
Renal Trauma
Nephron-Sparing Surgery/Follow-up
Future Opportunities in CTA of the Kidneys
Conclusion
References
14: Renal MR Angiography
Introduction
Contrast-Enhanced Renal MRA
Non-contrast Renal MRA
Additional Techniques
Phase Contrast MRA
2D and 3D SSFP
2D and 3D Time-of-Flight MRA
Clinical Utility
Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis
Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD)
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal Transplantation
Renal Artery Aneurysms
Recent and Future Developments
Summary
References
15: Radionuclide Studies
Historical Overview
Technique
Data Processing and Interpretation
Captopril or Other Pharmacological Options
Potential Confounders of the Interpretation of Radionuclide Studies
Results of Screening for Renal Artery Stenosis in Large Studies
Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews
Individual Large Studies
Results for Prediction of Blood Pressure Response After Angioplasty
Comparisons with Other Screening Modalities
The Future?
Conclusion
References
16: Measurement of the Renin-Angiotensin System
Introduction
Evaluation of Renin-Angiotensin System
Role of Functional Studies in Renovascular Hypertension
Peripheral Plasma Renin Activity
Captopril-Enhanced Renography
Renal Vein Measurements
References
17: Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) MR Analysis of Tissue Oxygenation in Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis
Introduction
Renal Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation
Measurements of Renal Oxygenation and Evaluation of Hypoxia
Evaluation of Kidney Tissue Deoxyhemoglobin Using BOLD MRI
Comparison of 1.5 and 3 T BOLD MR to Study Kidney Oxygenation
Application of Renal BOLD MRI
Hypertension
Renovascular Disease
Limitations and Future Directions
Conclusion
References
18: Tissue Histopathologic Injury in Renovascular Occlusive Disease
Introduction
Histopathology of the Kidney in Renovascular Disease
Technical Considerations of Renal Biopsy in Atherosclerotic RAS
Prospective Study in Patients with Moderate Unilateral ARAS
Conclusion
References
Part IV: Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy: Management Strategies
19: Medical Management of Renovascular Disease
Introduction
Choosing the Best Candidate for Medical Therapy
Evolution of Medical Therapy for the Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension
The Era Before Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Era
Concerns About Medical Therapy
Acute Renal Failure
Progressive Renal Ischemia
Hyperkalemia
A Personal Approach to the Medical Management of Hypertension Associated with Renovascular Disease
Management Options in the Patient Who Is Failing Medical Therapy
References
20: Endovascular Treatment of Renal Artery Stenosis
Introduction
Randomized Control Trials of Renal Artery Angioplasty and Stent Placement
Endovascular Stent Placement
Use of Embolic Protection Devices
Drug Eluting Stent Placement
Follow-Up of Patients After Stent Placement
Outcomes for Hypertension
Outcomes for Preserving or Improving Kidney Function
Complications After Renal Artery Stent Placement
Treatment of Restenosis
Conclusion
References
21: Surgical Revascularization
Introduction
Indications
Treatment
Surgical Approach and Technique
Atherosclerotic Disease
Failed Endovascular Revascularization
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Children and Adolescents
Complex Aortic Repair
References
Part V: Beyond Restoring Renal Blood Flow: The Future of Renovascular Disease and Renal Repair
22: Future Mechanisms of Reversing Kidney Injury
Endogenous Mechanisms for Restoration of Blood Delivery to the Stenotic Kidney
Maneuvers to Decrease Revascularization Injury
Ischemic/Reperfusion and Mitochondrial Injury
Pharmacological Approaches
Pre-conditioning
Enhancement of Intra-renal Microcirculation
Cell-Based Repair
Angiogenic Growth Factors
Anti-fibrotic Interventions
Decrease in Tissue Inflammation/Immune Responses
Novel Injury Modulators
Summary: Future Directions
References
Index

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