Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis

Name: Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis | Ultra-High Separation Efficiencies in Capillaries, Microchips and Slabs
Brand: Wiley
Price: 106.99 EUR
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Ultra-High Separation Efficiencies in Capillaries, Microchips and Slabs

Tarso B. Ledur Kist(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 3. Februar 2020

288 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Presents the theory and applications of Toroidal Capillary, Microchip, and Slab Electrophoresis to analytical chemists across a range of disciplines

Written by one of the developers of Toroidal Capillary Electrophoresis (TCE), this book is the first to present this novel analytical technique, in detail, to the field of analytical chemistry.

The exact expressions of separation efficiency, resolution, peak capacity, and many other performance indicators of the open and toroidal layouts are presented and compared.

Featuring numerous illustrations throughout, Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis: Ultra-High Separation Efficiencies in Capillaries, Microchips and Slabs offers chapters covering: Solvents and Buffer Solutions; Fundamentals of Electrophoresis; Open Layout; and Toroidal Layout. Confronting Performance Indicators is next, followed by chapters on High Voltage Modules and Distributors; Heat Removal and Temperature Control; and Detectors. The book finishes with an examination of the applications of Toroidal Electrophoresis.

The first book to offer a detailed account of Toroidal Electrophoresis--written by one of its creators

* Compares the toroidal layouts with the well-established open layouts of the three most used platforms (Capillary, Microchip, and Slab)

* Provides solutions to many of the experimental issues arising in electromigration techniques and discusses the voltage distributors and detectors that are compatible with the toroidal layouts

* Richly illustrated with a large number of useful equations showing the relationships between important operational parameters and the performance indicators

Open and Toroidal Electrophoresis is aimed at method developers and separation scientists working in clinical analysis, and food analysis, as well as those in pharmacology, disease biomarker applications, and nucleic acid analysis using the Capillary, Microchip, or slab Platform. It will also benefit undergraduate and graduate students of inorganic analytical chemistry, organic analytical chemistry, bioanalysis, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical sciences, and food analysis.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acronyms
Symbols and Conventions
Introduction
Chapter 1 Solvents and Buffer Solutions
1.1 Water as a Solvent
1.1.1 Temperature and Brownian Motion
1.1.2 Electric Permittivity of Water
1.1.3 Dissolution
1.1.5 Dissociation
1.1.6 Ionization
1.1.7 Hydrophilicity, Hydrophobicity, and LogP
1.1.8 Gibbs Free Energy Change
1.1.9 Acid Ionization Constants
1.1.10 Concentration-pH and pa-pH Diagrams
1.1.11 Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
1.1.12 Buffer Capacity
1.2 Binary Mixtures and Other Solvents
References
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Electrophoresis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Platforms
2.3 Electrophoresis
2.4 Electrophoresis of Single Molecules
2.5 Ionic Limiting Mobility
2.6 Bands, Fronts, Peaks, and Zones
2.6.1 Bands and Peaks
2.6.2 Fronts
2.6.3 Zones
2.7 The Isoelectric Point
2.7.1 Isoelectric Point of Molecules
2.7.2 Isoelectric Point of Nano and Microparticles
2.8 Turbulent and Laminar Flow
2.8.1 The Driving Forces of Fluid Flow
2.8.2 Turbulence
2.8.3 Laminar Flow in Cylindrical Capillaries
2.8.3.1 Pressure Driven Flow
2.8.3.2 Gravity Driven Flow
2.8.3.3 Capillary Action
2.8.4 Laminar Flow in Microchannels
2.8.4.1 Pressure Driven Flow
2.8.4.2 Gravity Driven Flow
2.9 Electroosmosis
2.9.1 EOF in Cylindrical Capillaries
2.9.1.1 Volumetric Flow Rate
2.9.1.2 Combined Pressure Driven Flow and EOF
2.9.2 EOF in Rectangular Microchannels
2.10 Supression of EOF
2.10.1 Protocols for EOF Suppression
2.10.2 Advantages of Suppressing EOF with Covalent Coatings
2.10.3 Measuring Small and Large EOF Velocities
2.11 Joule Effect and Heat Dissipation
2.12 Temperature Profiles
2.13 Molecular Diffusion and Band Broadening
2.14 Sample Stacking and Band Compression
2.15 Separation Modes
2.15.1 Affinity Electrophoresis
2.15.2 Electrochromatography
2.15.3 End-labeled Free-solution Electrophoresis
2.15.4 Free-Solution Electrophoresis
2.15.5 Isoelectric Focusing
2.15.6 Isotachophoresis
2.15.7 Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography
2.15.8 Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
2.15.9 Sieving Electrophoresis
2.15.10 Suitable Separation Modes for Each Class of Analytes
References
Chapter 3 Open Layout
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Capillary Electrophoresis
3.3 Microchip Electrophoresis
3.4 Slab Electrophoresis
3.5 Performance Indicators for Open Layouts
3.5.1 From Single Bands or Peaks
3.5.1.1 Number of Theoretical Plates
3.5.1.2 Number of Theoretical Plates per Unit Time Squared
3.5.1.3 Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate
3.5.2 From Two Neighboring Bands or Peaks
3.5.2.1 Resolution
3.5.2.2 Resolution per Unit Time
3.5.3 From n Bands and n Peaks
3.5.3.1 Band Capacity
3.5.3.2 Band Capacity per Unit of Time
3.5.3.3 Peak Capacity
3.5.3.4 Peak Capacity per Unit Time
References
Chapter 4 Toroidal Layout
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Toroidal Capillary Electrophoresis
4.3 Toroidal Microchip Electrophoresis
4.4 Toroidal Slab Electrophoresis
4.5 Folding Geometries
4.6 Microholes and Connections
4.7 Reservoirs
4.8 Active and Passive Modes of Operation
4.8.1 The Gravimetric Method
4.8.2 The Hydrodynamic Method
4.8.3 The Electrokinetic Method
4.8.4 Using Microvalves or Microcaps
4.9 Performance Indicators for Toroidal Layouts
4.9.1 From Single Bands or Peaks
4.9.1.1 Number of Theoretical Plates
4.9.1.2 Number of Plates per Unit Time Squared
4.9.1.3 Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate
4.9.2 From Two Neighboring Bands or Peaks
4.9.2.1 Resolution
4.9.2.2 Resolution per Unit Time
4.9.3 From n Bands or n Peaks
4.9.3.1 Band Capacity
4.9.3.2 Band Capacity per Unit Time
4.9.3.3 Peak Capacity
4.9.3.4 Peak Capacity per Unit Time
References
Chapter 5 Confronting Performance Indicators
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Performance Indicators from Experimental Data
5.3 Performance Indicators Predicted from Operational Parameters
References
Chapter 6 High Voltage Modules and Distributors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 High Voltages in Open Layouts
6.3 High Voltages in Toroidal Layouts
6.3.1 The Ideal Toroidal Length
6.3.2 High Voltage Distribution Made by Four Modules
6.3.3 High Voltage Distribution Based on Relays
6.3.4 High Voltage Distribution Based on Sliding Switches
6.3.5 High Voltage Distribution Based on Rotating Switches
References
Chapter 7 Heat Removal and Temperature Control
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Temperature Gradients are Unavoidable
7.3 Temperature has Multiple Effects
7.4 Electrical Insulators with High Thermal Conductivity
7.5 Cooling Strategies Used in Capillary Electrophoresis
7.5.1 Advantages of a Symmetric Cooling Geometry
7.6 Cooling Strategies Used in Microchip Electrophoresis
7.6.1 Advantages of a Symmetric Cooling Geometry
7.7 Cooling Strategies Used in Slab Electrophoresis
7.7.1 Advantages of a Rational Cooling Strategy
7.8 Shear Rate of the Coolant
7.9 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 8 Detectors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fixed Point Detectors
8.3 Spatial Detectors (Scanners and Cameras)
8.4 Derivatization Reactions
8.4.1 Fluorogenic Reactions
8.4.2 Labeling Reactions
8.4.3 Improving Selectivity Through Derivatization
References
Chapter 9 Applications of Toroidal Electrophoresis
9.1 Introduction
References
Appendix A Nomenclature
References
Appendix B Species Concentration in Buffer Solutions
B.1 Acids (HnA)
B.1.1 Monoprotic Acids (n=
1)
B.1.2 Diprotic Acids (n=
2)
B.1.3 Triprotic Acids (n=
3)
B.1.4 Tetraprotic Acids (n=
4)
B.2 Bases (B)
B.2.1 Monoprotonated Bases (n=
1)
B.2.2 Diprotonated Bases (n=
2)
B.2.3 Triprotonated Bases (n=
3)
B.2.4 Tetraprotonated Bases (n=
4)
References
Appendix C Electrophoresis
C.1 Free-Solution Electrophoretic Mobility
C.1.1 Classical Trajectories
C.2 Mobility Dependence on Temperature
C.3 Transient Regimes
C.3.1 Eletrophoretic Transient Regime (te)
C.3.2 Hardware Transient Regime (to)
References
Appendix D Electroosmosis
D.1 Slab and Microchips - Cartesian Coordinates
D.2 Capillaries - Cylindrical Coordinates
D.3 Zeta Potential
References
Appendix E Molecular Diffusion
E.1 The Diffusion Equation
E.2 The Propagator
E.3 Application of Propagators to Bands at Rest
E.4 Application of Propagators to Bands in Movement
E.5 Bands and Peaks
References
Appendix F Poiseuille Counter-flow
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Velocity Level Contours
F.3 Temperature Level Contours
F.4 Equalizing vmax and &rmDelta
ve
Reference
Appendix G Cyclic On-column Band Compression
G.1 Introduction
G.2 Effect of Cyclic Band Compression Events on Variance
G.3 Number of Theoretical Plates
G.4 Number of Theoretical Plates per Unit Time
G.5 Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate
G.6 Resolution
G.7 Resolution per Unit Time
G.8 Band Capacity
G.9 Band Capacity per Unit Time
G.10 Detailed Calculation of s2,?x,fn, and hn
G.10.1 Peak Variance
G.10.1.1 Compression Events Before Each Detection
G.10.1.2 Compression Events After Each Detection
G.10.2 Inter-Peak Spacing (&rmDelta
x)
G.10.2.1 Compression Events Before Each Detection
G.10.2.2 Compression Events After Each Detection
G.10.3 Calculation of the Values of hn
G.10.3.1 Compression Events Before Each Detection
G.10.3.2 Compression Events After Each Detection
References
Index
EULA

Symbols and Conventions

Capillary internal radius Chemical activity of species (dimensionless quantity) Cross sectional area of the separation medium Band compression factor Degree of dissociation of a solute Injected sample plug length Band capacity Band capacity per unit time (band rate) Concentration of component in molality (mole/Kg of solvent) Standard state of solute concentration given in molality Buffer capacity, Amount concentration of component in molarity (mol/L of solution) Standard state of amount concentration given in molarity Sum of amount concentration of species of an acid or base Molecular diffusion coefficient Dispersion coefficient due to wall adsorption Dispersion coefficient due to capillary or microchannel coiling Dispersion coefficient due to inhomogeneous EOF Electromigration dispersion coefficient due to non-uniform BGEs Dispersion coefficient due to parabolic or Poiseuille velocity flow Dispersion coefficient due to radial temperature gradients Gibbs free-energy change Height difference between reservoirs Enthalpy change Pressure difference between reservoirs Entropy change Elementary charge, C (a real and positive number) Applied electric field strength Relative (static) permittivity Electric constant (vacuum permittivity) Dynamic viscosity of a liquid (solvent or solution) Viscous friction coefficient Faraday constant Electric force, Friction force, Activity coefficients for concentration unit of species (dimensionless quantity) Half the height of a microchannel or slab Height equivalent of a theoretical plate Direct electric current, Ionic strength, amount concentration basis, Direct electric current density, Reciprocal of double-layer thickness Direct current conductivity Heat conductivity () Ionization equilibrium constant of an acid Acid ionization constant when at an electronically excited state , Boltzmann's constant complexation or ligation apparent equilibrium constant Length from injection point to detection point Separation medium total length in the open layout () Half the distance of a full turn in the toroidal layout ( is also given as in this case) Mass of an entity (ion, molecule, particle) Apparent electrical mobility (with respect to the platform wall, ). This is by far the most used in this book, therefore the privilege of carrying no index is given to it. Electrophoretic mobility (with respect to the buffer solution. The result of the electric and friction forces only, ) Effective electrophoretic mobility of a molecule with respect to the buffer solution, , where denotes the degree of ionization of the solute Electrical mobility (with respect to the buffer solution and regardless of the underlying phenomena, i.e. presence or absence of ligands, sieving agents, micelles, microemulsions, or any other pseudophase) Electroosmotic mobility, Limiting eletrophoretic mobility (physical constant usually found in standard tables, determined when the analyte is at full charge and infinite dilution) Number of equivalents of an acid or base Number of half turns performed in a closed loop toroidal path Number of theoretical plates (plate number or separation efficiency) Number of theoretical plates produced per unit time (plate rate) Number of theoretical plates produced per unit time squared (plate double-rate or time efficiency) Avogadro's constant () Heat generated by the Joule effect per unit volume, Peak capacity Peak capacity per unit time (peak rate) Pressure pH(I) The value of the isoelectric point of a molecule electric potential at a dielectric-liquid interface Net charge of an ion (time or ensemble average) Cylindrical spatial coordinate () Gas constant () Resolution between the bands or peaks and Resolution produced per unit time (resolution rate) Direct current resistivity, Density of a liquid or solution Concentration of component in mass per volume basis Standard state of solute concentration in mass per volume basis, e.g., g of solution Unit of detector's signal (1 mAbs, 1 V, 1 A, or other) Surface charge density, Standard deviation of a band or peak Cumulative peak variance from all sources Variance due to wall absorption Variance due to capillary or microchannel coiling Variance due to detection width Variance due to molecular diffusion Variance due to inhomogeneous EOF Variance due to parabolic or Poiseuille velocity flow Variance due to radial temperature gradients Time coordinate Unit of time (1?min, 1 s, or other) Electroosmotic hold-up time Migration time of the center of mass of the analyte band or peak Migration time for a micellar aggregate Temperature Temperature applied to the cyclic compression segment of the toroid Running temperature Migration time of half a turn along the centerline of a toroid Cylindrical spatial coordinate () Apparent velocity (with respect to the platform wall, ) Electrophoretic velocity (with respect to the buffer solution. The result of electric and friction forces only, ) Effective electrophoretic velocity of a molecule with respect to the buffer solution, , where denotes the degree of ionization of the solute Velocity due to electrical mobility (with respect to the buffer solution and regardless of the underlying phenomena,...

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