Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruder

1 - Preface [Seite 6]
2 - Contents [Seite 8]
3 - 1 Introduction [Seite 16]
4 - 2 Historical Development of Co-RotatingTwin Screw Extruders [Seite 24]
4.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 24]
4.2 - 2.2 Early Developments [Seite 24]
4.3 - 2.3 Pioneering Period [Seite 35]
4.4 - 2.4 New High Viscosity Technology with Co-RotatingExtruders [Seite 38]
4.5 - 2.5 Special Developments from Bayer-Hochviskostechnik(High Viscosity Technology Group) [Seite 42]
4.6 - 2.6 Developments after Licensing [Seite 44]
4.7 - 2.7 Developments after Expiration of the Primary Patents [Seite 47]
5 - 3 Rheological Properties of Polymer Melts [Seite 50]
5.1 - 3.1 Introduction and Motivation [Seite 50]
5.2 - 3.2 Classification of Rheological Behavior of Solidsand Fluids [Seite 50]
5.3 - 3.3 Comparison of Viscous Fluid and Viscoelastic Fluid [Seite 55]
5.4 - 3.4 Temperature Dependence of Shear Viscosity [Seite 59]
5.5 - 3.5 Influence of Molecular Parameters on RheologicalProperties of Polymer Melts [Seite 62]
5.6 - 3.6 Shear Flows [Seite 64]
5.7 - 3.7 Extensional Flows [Seite 67]
6 - 4 General Overview of the CompoundingProcess: Tasks, Selected Applications,and Process Zones [Seite 72]
6.1 - 4.1 Compounding Tasks and Requirements [Seite 72]
6.2 - 4.2 Tasks and Design of the Processing Zones of aCompounding Extruder [Seite 74]
6.3 - 4.3 Characteristic Process Parameters [Seite 87]
6.4 - 4.4 Process Examples [Seite 91]
6.5 - 4.5 Technical Trends in Compounding [Seite 99]
6.6 - 4.6 Symbols and Abbreviations [Seite 103]
7 - 5 Geometry of the Co-Rotating Extruders:Conveying, and Kneading Elements [Seite 106]
7.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 106]
7.2 - 5.2 The Fully Wiped Profile from Arcs [Seite 107]
7.3 - 5.3 Geometric Design of Closely Intermeshing Profiles [Seite 109]
7.4 - 5.4 Dimensions of Screw Elements with Clearances [Seite 110]
7.5 - 5.5 Transition between Different Numbers of Threads [Seite 113]
7.6 - 5.6 Calculation of a Screw Profile for Production Accordingto Planar Offset [Seite 114]
7.7 - 5.7 Conveying Characteristics of Different Geometries [Seite 116]
7.8 - 5.8 Kneading Elements [Seite 117]
8 - 6 Modeling: Possibilities and Limitations [Seite 120]
8.1 - 6.1 The Motivation for Modeling [Seite 120]
8.2 - 6.2 Screw Design [Seite 121]
8.3 - 6.3 Modeling Approaches [Seite 122]
8.4 - 6.4 Model Dimensions [Seite 123]
8.5 - 6.5 Extruder: 0-Dimensional [Seite 125]
8.6 - 6.6 Extruder: 2-Dimensional [Seite 128]
8.7 - 6.7 Extruder: 1-Dimensional [Seite 129]
8.8 - 6.8 Extruder: 3-Dimensional [Seite 132]
8.9 - 6.9 Simulation: Possibilities and Limitations [Seite 135]
9 - 7 Pressure Generation and Energy Input inthe Melt [Seite 136]
9.1 - 7.1 Operating Conditions of Conveying Screw Elements [Seite 136]
9.2 - 7.2 Illustration of Dimensionless Groups [Seite 138]
9.3 - 7.3 Calculation of the Back-Pressure Length [Seite 143]
9.4 - 7.4 Efficiency during Pressure Generation [Seite 144]
9.5 - 7.5 Example for the Design of a Pressure Build-Up Zone [Seite 145]
9.6 - 7.6 Pressure and Energy behavior with Shear Thinning [Seite 146]
10 - 8 Computational Fluid Dynamics [Seite 154]
10.1 - 8.1 Why Computational Fluid Dynamics? [Seite 154]
10.2 - 8.2 Workflow of a Computational Fluid Dynamics Process [Seite 155]
10.3 - 8.3 Computational Examples [Seite 157]
10.4 - 8.4 Conclusion and Outlook [Seite 171]
11 - 9 Mixing and Dispersing: Principles [Seite 174]
11.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 174]
11.2 - 9.2 Distributive Mixing [Seite 174]
11.3 - 9.3 Dispersive Mixing [Seite 182]
11.4 - 9.4 Determining the Mixing Quality [Seite 188]
12 - 10 Degassing Polymer Melts with Co-RotatingTwin Screw Extruders [Seite 196]
12.1 - 10.1 Requirements for Degassing [Seite 196]
12.2 - 10.2 Function-Specific Design [Seite 198]
12.3 - 10.3 Process Limits [Seite 208]
12.4 - 10.4 Scale-Up [Seite 209]
12.5 - 10.5 Process Examples [Seite 209]
12.6 - 10.6 Conclusion [Seite 216]
13 - 11 Simulation or Scale-Up -Alternatives for Extruder Layout? [Seite 218]
13.1 - 11.1 Process Sections of the Compounding Extruder [Seite 218]
13.2 - 11.2 Computation Possibilities for Discharge Parts [Seite 225]
13.3 - 11.3 Scale-Up [Seite 226]
14 - 12 Screw Elements for Co-rotating, CloselyIntermeshing, Twin-Screw Extruders [Seite 230]
14.1 - 12.1 Design of the Screw Element [Seite 230]
14.2 - 12.2 Combining Screw Elements [Seite 233]
14.3 - 12.3 Screw Elements and How They Work [Seite 235]
15 - 13 Overview of Patented Screw Elements [Seite 252]
16 - 14 The ZSK Series and Applications in theChemical Industry and for Renewable RawMaterials [Seite 276]
16.1 - 14.1 Development of High Torques, Volumesand Screw Speeds [Seite 276]
16.2 - 14.2 Torque-Limited and Volume-Limited Throughputs [Seite 281]
16.3 - 14.3 Process-Dependent Energy Requirement [Seite 283]
16.4 - 14.4 Chemical and Pharmaceutical Applications [Seite 287]
16.5 - 14.5 Applications for Renewable Raw Materials in thePlastic and Food Sectors [Seite 296]
17 - 15 ZSK-NT the New Two-Stage ProcessingSystem for High Throughputs [Seite 304]
17.1 - 15.1 Current Requirements for the Processing of Polyolefins [Seite 304]
17.2 - 15.2 Two-stage Large-Scale Plants for the Processing ofBimodal Polyethylene [Seite 305]
17.3 - 15.3 Quality Assessments for Bimodal Pipes [Seite 306]
17.4 - 15.4 ZSK-NT Compared with Standard Technology [Seite 307]
17.5 - 15.5 Design of Pressure Build-Up Zones [Seite 310]
17.6 - 15.7 Outlook [Seite 315]
17.7 - 15.8 Notation [Seite 315]
18 - 16 Material Selection for Twin Screw ExtruderComponents in Contact with Resin [Seite 318]
18.1 - 16.1 Introduction [Seite 318]
18.2 - 16.2 What is Wear? [Seite 318]
18.3 - 16.3 Wear in Operating Experience [Seite 319]
18.4 - 16.4 Choice of Materials for Extruder Barrel and ScrewElements [Seite 322]
19 - 17 Drive Units for Co-Rotating Twin-ScrewExtruders [Seite 330]
19.1 - 17.1 Introduction [Seite 330]
19.2 - 17.2 Drive Units for Small- to Medium-Size Co-RotatingTwin-Screw Extruders [Seite 330]
19.3 - 17.3 Drive Units for Large Co-Rotating Extruders [Seite 347]
19.4 - 17.4 Safety Clutches [Seite 355]
19.5 - 17.5 Gearbox [Seite 357]
20 - Index [Seite 364]