Analytical Gas Chromatography

PrefaceChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 General Considerations 1.2 A Simplistic Approach 1.3 Simplistic Comparisons of Packed and Open Tubular Columns 1.4 Abbreviated Theory of the Chromatographie Process 1.5 Separation of Components 1.6 Effect of Carrier Gas Velocity ReferencesChapter 2 The Open Tubular Column 2.1 General Considerations 2.2 The Tubing 2.3 Sources of Activity 2.4 Structural Flaws 2.5 Flexible Columns of Conventional Glasses 2.6 Silanol Deactivation 2.7 Column Coating ReferencesChapter 3 Sample Injection 3.1 General Considerations 3.2 Extra Chromatographic Phenomena Influencing Band Length 3.3 Chromatographic Factors Influencing Band Length 3.4 Injection into Large-Diameter Open Tubular Columns 3.5 Split Injection 3.6 Splitless Injection 3.7 Programmed Temperature Vaporizing Injector (PTV) 3.8 Retention Gap Focusing ReferencesChapter 4 The Stationary Phase 4.1 General Considerations 4.2 Stationary Phase Polarity and Selectivity 4.3 Polysiloxane Stationary Phases: General Comments 4.4 Dimethyl Polysiloxane Stationary Phases 4.5 Other Silicone Stationary Phases 4.6 Bonded, Cross-Linked, and/or Immobilized Stationary Phases 4.7 Polyethylene Glycol Stationary Phases 4.8 Enantiomer Separations 4.9 Other Special-Selectivity Stationary Phases 4.10 Gas-Solid Adsorption Columns ReferencesChapter 5 Variables in the Gas Chromatographic Process 5.1 General Considerations 5.2 Regulation of the Gas Velocity 5.3 The van Deemter Curve 5.4 Optimum Practical Gas Velocity 5.5 Computer-Generated Curves 5.6 Effect of Solute Partition Ratios on Optimum Gas Velocities 5.7 Effect of Solute Partition Ratios on Separation Potentials 5.8 Effect of Column Length 5.9 Effect of Column Diameter 5.10 Effect of Stationary Phase Film Thickness 5.11 Effect of Stationary Phase Diffusivity 5.12 Changes in Solute Elution Order ReferencesChapter 6 Column Selection, Installation, and Use 6.1 General Considerations 6.2 Selecting the Stationary Phase 6.3 Stationary Phase Selectivity 6.4 Selecting the Column Length 6.5 Selecting the Column Diameter 6.6 Selecting the Stationary Phase Film Thickness 6.7 Column Installation 6.8 Column Conditioning 6.9 Optimizing Operational Parameters for Specific Columns 6.10 Columns for Mass Spectrometry References Chapter 7 Instrument Conversion and Adaptation 7.1 General Considerations 7.2 Oven Considerations 7.3 Carrier Gas Considerations 7.4 Packed to Large-Diameter Open Tubular Conversion 7.5 Packed to Capillary Conversion 7.6 Makeup Gas Considerations 7.7 Inlet Deactivation References Chapter 8 Special Analytical Techniques 8.1 General Considerations 8.2 Flow Stream Switching 8.3 Recycle Chromatography 8.4 Multidimensional Chromatography 8.5 Specifically Designed Stationary Phases 8.6 Vapor Samples and Headspace Injections ReferencesChapter 9 Selected Applications 9.1 General Considerations 9.2 Food, Flavor, and Fragrance Applications 9.3 Petroleum- and Chemical-Related Applications 9.4 Environmental Applications 9.5 Biological and Medical Applications References Chapter 10 Troubleshooting 10.1 General Considerations 10.2 Use of Test Mixtures 10.3 Column Bleed 10.4 Temperature and Oxygen Effects 10.5 Column Rejuvenation 10.6 Peak Distortion 10.7 Other Sorptive Residues 10.8 Column Coupling and Junction Problems 10.9 Flame Jet Problems ReferencesAppendix Abbreviations, Terms, and Nomenclature Index