Gradient Elution in Column Liquid Chromatography

Name: Gradient Elution in Column Liquid Chromatography | Theory and Practice
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Theory and Practice

Jandera P. Jandera J. Chur C K J. Churacek(Autor*in)

Elsevier (Verlag)

Erschienen am 14. Mai 2014

531 Seiten

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Front Cover
Gradient Elution in Column Liquid Chromatography: Theory and Practice
Copyright Page
Contents
Journal of Chromatography Library
Preface
PART I: ISOCRATIC ELUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 1.THE MOBILE PHASE AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOUR UNDER ISOCRATIC CONDITIONS
1.1. Chromatography on polar adsorbents
1.2. Polar and non-polar bonded phase chromatography
1.3. Chromatography on ion-exchange materials
1.4. Ion-pair chromatography and salting-out chromatography of ionized organic compounds on chemically bonded non-polar phases
CHAPTER 2. RETENTION CHARACTERISTICS IN ISOCRATIC ELUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
2.1. Calculation of retention characteristics
2.2. Prediction of separation conditions
References to Part I
PART II: THEORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH PROGRAMMED COMPOSITION OF THE MOBILE PHASE
CHAPTER 3. CLASSIFICATION OF MOBILE PHASE GRADIENTS
CHAPTER 4. SIMPLE (CONTINUOUS) GRADIENT ELUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
4.1. Basic concepts of theoretical solution
4.2. Linear solvent strength gradients
4.3. The profile of the gradient and the gradient function
4.4. Calculation of retention volumes in gradient elution chromatography
4.5. Capacity factors in gradient elution chromatography and calculations of retention volumes for changing column dimensions and flow-rate of the mobile phase
4.6. Influence of the gradient profile on the retention volumes of chromatographed compounds
4.7. Bandwidths in gradient elution chromatography
4.8. Selectivity and relative retention in gradient elution chromatography
4.9. Resolution in gradient elution chromatography
4.10. Characteristics of gradient elution separation of multi-component mixtures
CHAPTER 5. CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH COMPOSED GRADIENTS OF THE MOBILE PHASE
5.1. Stepwise elution chromatography
5.2. Composed gradients with simple gradient steps
5.3. Two-step gradients with initial gradient delay
5.4. Two-step gradients with the first gradient step followed by a final hold-up after the end of the gradient
CHAPTER 6. TERNARY AND MORE COMPLEX MOBILE PHASE GRADIENTS
6.1. When should ternary gradients be used?
6.2. Gradient functions in connection with ternary gradients
6.3. Calculation of retention volumes for elution with ternary gradients in reversed-phase chromatography
6.4. Selection of an appropriate ternary gradient for a given separation problem
CHAPTER 7. SELECTION OF THE OPTIMUM GRADIENT
7.1. Aspects of optimization
7.2. Specific case
7.3. General case
7.4. Gradient elution as a "scouting" technique for isocratic elution liquid chromatography
7.5. Empirical approach for selection of optimum gradient conditions
References to Part II
PART III: INSTRUMENTAL AND OTHER PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH PROGRAMMED COMPOSITION OF THE MOBILE PHASE
CHAPTER 8. INSTRUMENTATION FOR PRODUCTION OF MOBILE PHASE GRADIENTS
8.1. Simple classical gradient devices
8.2. Devices generating gradients at a high pressure
8.3. Devices generating gradients at a low pressure at the inlet of the high-pressure pump
8.4. Electronic part of the gradient device used to control the formation of the gradient profile
8.5. Devices for stepwise and multi-solvent gradient elution chromatography
8.6. Tests of the performance of gradient elution instruments
CHAPTER 9. DETECTION AND QUANTITATION IN GRADIENT ELUTION LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
9.1. Detector compatibility with gradient elution
9.2. Sensitivity of detection
detection limit
9.3. Quantitative analysis by the gradient elution technique
CHAPTER 10. COLUMN PACKING MATERIAL AND MOBILE PHASE IN GRADIENT ELUTION LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: PRACTICAL ASPECTS
10.1. Preferential sorption of a certain component of the mobile phase: solvent demixing effect
10.2. Regeneration of chromatographic columns after the end of the gradient
10.3. Purity of the mobile phase components
10.4. Practical aspects of the selection of mobile phase components for gradient elution chromatography
CHAPTER 11. SPECIAL GRADIENT ELUTION TECHNIQUES AND OTHER TECHNIQUES OF PROGRAMMING OPERATING CONDITIONS IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
11.1. "Sequential isocratic step" liquid chromatography
11.2. Flow programming in liquid chromatography
11.3. Temperature programming
11.4. Programming of the stationary phase
column coupling and column switching techniques
11.5. Column self-generated gradients
References to Part III
PART IV: APPLICATIONS OF GRADIENT ELUTION IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 12. HYDROCARBONS
12.1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons
12.2. Aromatic hydrocarbons
12.3. References
CHAPTER 13. ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS, ETHERS
13.1. Aliphatic and aromatic alcohols
13.2. Halogeno-, Nitro-, Alkyl- and other technically important phenols
13.3. Naturally occurring phenolics and related compounds
13.4. Ethers
13.5. References
CHAPTER 14. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS: ALDEHYDES, KETONES, QUINONES
14.1. Aldehydes and ketones
14.2. Quinones
14.3. References
CHAPTER 15. SUGARS AND THEIR DERIVATIVESy POLYSACCHARIDES
15.1. Ion-exchange chromatography of sugars, sugar phosphates and amino sugars
15.2. Chromatography of oligosaccharides on cellulose columns
15.3. Chromatography of sugars on silica gel columns
15.4. Chromatography of sugars on bonded amino phase
15.5. Chromatography of mucopolysaccharides
15.6. Chromatography of glycosides
15.7. References
CHAPTER 16. LOWER CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, ESTERS AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES
16.1. Carboxylic acids
16.2. Esters of lower carboxylic acids
16.3. Organic peroxides
16.4. References
CHAPTER 17. FATTY ACIDS AND LIPIDS
17.1. Chromatography of fatty acid derivatives
17.2. Lipids
17.3. References
CHAPTER 18. STEROIDS
18.1. Chromatography of steroid hormones
18.2. Chromatography of saponins
18.3. Chromatography of bile acids
18.4. Chromatography of ecdysteroids (steridal insect hormones)
18.5. References
CHAPTER 19. AMINES, NITROGEN BASES AND OTHER RELATED NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS
19.1. Chromatography of aliphatic amines and polyamines on ion exchangers
19.2. Chromatography of amine derivatives on polar chemically bonded phases
19.3. Reversed-phase chromatography of amine and isocyanate derivatives and of free aliphatic amines
19.4. Chromatography of catecholamines
19.5. Chromatography of other aromatic amines, amides and nitro compounds
19.6. Chromatography of nitrogen-containing heterocycles
19.7. References
CHAPTER 20. AMINO ACIDS
20.1. Ion-exchange chromatography of free amino acids
20.2. Reversed-phase chromatography of free amino acids on chemically bonded phases
20.3. Chromatography of derivatives
20.4. Separation of polyaminopolycarboxylic acids
20.5. References
CHAPTER 21. PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS
21.1. Ion-exchange chromatography
21.2. Chromatofocusing
21.3. Chromatography on polyamide gels
21.4. Chromatography on polar adsorbents and on polar bonded phases
21.5. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
21.6. Reversed-phase chromatography of peptides and polypeptides
21.7. Affinity chromatography of proteins
21.8. References
CHAPTER 22. NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS
22.1. Nucleic acids
22.2. Nucleic acid constituents
22.3. References
CHAPTER 23. ALKALOIDS, DRUGS, PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
23.1. Alkaloids
23.2. Pharmaceuticals and drugs
23.3. References
CHAPTER 24. VITAMINS AND CAROTENOIDS
24.1. Fat-soluble vitamins
24.2. Carotenoids
24.3. Water-soluble vitamins
24.4. References
CHAPTER 25. ANTIBIOTICS
25.1. Penicillins
25.2. Cephalosporins
25.3. Tetracyclines
25.4. Peptide and related antibiotics
25.5. Carbohydrate antibiotics
25.6. Other antibiotics
25.7. References
CHAPTER 26. SULPHONIC ACIDS, SYNTHETIC DYES, DYE INTERMEDIATES
26.1. Aromatic sulphonic acids
acid dyes
26.2. Water-insoluble dyes
26.3. References
CHAPTER 27. PESTICIDES, ORGANOCHLORO COMPOUNDS
27.1. Separation of mixtures of pesticides from different classes
27.2. Chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins
27.3. Organophosphate pesticides
27.4. Carbamate pesticides
27.5. Phenoxy acids
27.6. s-Triazines
27.7. Substituted ureas
27.8. Other pesticides
27.9. References
CHAPTER 28. OTHER OXYGEN- AND NITROGEN-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES OF BIOCHEMICAL IMPORTANCE
28.1. Oxygen heterocycles
28.2. Nitrogen heterocycles
28.3. References
CHAPTER 29. ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS, METAL COORDINATION COMPLEXES AND INORGANIC IONS
29.1. Organometallic compounds and metal coordination complexes
29.2. Metal ions
29.3. Inorganic anions
29.4. References
CHAPTER 30. TECHNICAL PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
30.1. Fossil fuels and related products from their processing
30.2. Synthetic polymers
30.3. Antioxidants
30.4. Surfactants
30.5. Cosmetics and toiletries
30.6. Miscellaneous
30.7. References
CHAPTER 31. FOODS AND BEVERAGES
31.1. Tannins and caffeine in beverages
31.2. Citrus fruit and beverages
31.3. Beer and hops
31.4. Fish products
31.5. Spices and food flavouring ingredients
31.6. Food contaminants and synthetic additives
31.7. References
CHAPTER 32. ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
32.1. Air pollution analysis
32.2. Water pollution analysis
32.3. References
CHAPTER 33. CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS
33.1. References
APPENDIX 1: RETENTION CHARACTERISTICS IN ISOCRATIC ELUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY IN DEPENDENCE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE STRONGER ELUTING AGENT IN THE MOBILE PHASE, c, FOR DIFFERENT k' = f(c) FUNCTIONS
APPENDIX 2: SOLUTION OF THE BASIC EQUATION FOR GRADIENT ELUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY (EQN. 4.2) FOR DIFFERENT k'=f(c) AND c=?(V) FUNCTIONS FROM TABLES 2.1 AND 4.1
APPENDIX 3: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROGRAM FOR CALCULATION OF OPTIMIZED GRADIENT PROFILE IN GRADIENT ELUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 4: LIST OF SYMBOLS USED
Subject Index

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