
A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire
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A comprehensive review of the political, cultural, social, economic and religious history of the Achaemenid Empire
Often called the first world empire, the Achaemenid Empire is rooted in older Near Eastern traditions. A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire offers a perspective in which the history of the empire is embedded in the preceding and subsequent epochs. In this way, the traditions that shaped the Achaemenid Empire become as visible as the powerful impact it had on further historical development. But the work does not only break new ground in this respect, but also in the fact that, in addition to written testimonies of all kinds, it also considers material tradition as an equal factor in historical reconstruction. This comprehensive two-volume set features contributions by internationally-recognized experts that offer balanced coverage of the whole of the empire from Anatolia and Egypt across western Asia to northern India and Central Asia.
Comprehensive in scope, the Companion provides readers with a panoramic view of the diversity, richness, and complexity of the Achaemenid Empire, dealing with all the many aspects of history, event history, administration, economy, society, communication, art, science and religion, illustrating the multifaceted nature of the first true empire.
A unique historical account presented in its multiregional dimensions, this important resource
- deals with many aspects of history, administration, economy, society, communication, art, science and religion
- it deals with topics that have only recently attracted interest such as court life, leisure activities, gender roles, and more
- examines a variety of available sources to consider those predecessors who influenced Achaemenid structure, ideology, and self-expression
- contains the study of Nachleben and the history of perception up to the present day
- offers a spectrum of opinions in disputed fields of research, such as the interpretation of the imagery of Achaemenid art, or questions of religion
- includes extensive bibliographies in each chapter for use as starting points for further research
- devotes special interest to the east of the empire, which is often neglected in comparison to the western territories
Part of the acclaimed Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World series, A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire is an indispensable work for students, instructors, and scholars of Persian and ancient world history, particularly the First Persian Empire.
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Bruno Jacobs is Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Basel.
Robert Rollinger is Professor of Ancient History and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Innsbruck.
Inhalt
- Cover
- Volume I
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Detailed Table of Contents
- Notes on Contributors
- SECTION I Introduction
- SECTION II Geography and Demography
- CHAPTER 1 Geography and Climate
- References
- CHAPTER 2 Demoscopy and Demography
- Object of Research and Method
- The Sources and Their Relevance
- Notes
- References
- CHAPTER 3 Peoples and Languages
- Introduction: The Territory of the Achaemenid Empire
- The Internal Ethnic Diversity of the Achaemenid Empire
- The Languages of the Achaemenid Empire: An Overview
- Language and Administration in the Achaemenid Empire
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 4 Languages and Script
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 5 Onomastics
- Personal Names: Evidence
- Iranian Names
- Particulars
- Non-Iranian Names
- Geographical Names
- References
- Further Reading
- SECTION III Sources
- A Written Sources
- CHAPTER 6 The Inscriptions of the Achaemenids
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 7 Elamite Sources
- Introduction
- Elamite Language
- Royal Inscriptions
- Administrative Texts
- Seal Inscriptions
- Elamite Sources of Old Iranian
- Variation and Contact
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 8 Babylonian Sources
- Introduction
- Survey of Archival Texts
- Library Texts
- Conclusions
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 9 Aramaic Sources
- Achaemenid Official Aramaic
- Documentary Texts
- Literary Compositions
- Aftermath
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 10 Biblical Sources
- Epigraphical Sources
- Literary Sources
- Note
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 11 Phoenician Sources
- The Inscriptions of the Four Main Phoenician Cities
- Other Inscriptions from the Levantine Seashore
- Inscriptions from Cyprus
- Other Inscriptions from the Persian Empire
- NOTE
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 12 Egyptian Sources
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 13 Lydian, Carian, and Lycian Sources
- Persians on Lycian, Lydian, and Carian Inscriptions
- Historic and Prosopographic Notes on the Lycian Evidence
- Conclusion
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 14 Greek and Latin Sources
- Introduction
- From the Eve of the Persian Wars to the Peloponnesian War
- From the Peloponnesian War to Alexander
- From the Hellenistic Age to the Roman Empire
- References
- Further Reading
- B Archeological Sources
- CHAPTER 15 Persia (including Khuzestan)
- Pasargadae, the First Royal Residence
- Persepolis, a Permanent Building Site
- Western Fars and the Persepolis-Susa Road
- The Foothills and the Eastern Plain of Khuzestan
- Susa, the Choice of Darius Between Persepolis and Babylon
- Cult Places and Burial Customs
- Artifacts
- Note
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 16 Media
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 17 Babylonia and Assyria
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 18 Syria
- Introduction
- City Layout and Architecture
- The Archeological Material
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 19 Cyprus
- Persian Presence in Cyprus: The Architectural Evidence
- Persian Influences on Cypriot Civilization: Emulation and Legitimization
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 20 Egypt
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 21 Asia Minor
- Western Asia Minor
- Northwest
- Black Sea Area and Central Anatolia
- Karia and Lycia
- Cilicia and the Southeast/Middle Euphrates
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 22 Caucasus Region
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 23 The Empire's Northeast
- Socioeconomic Context
- Chronological Frame
- Written Sources of the Achaemenid Period
- Cities and Archeological Settlements
- A Sogdian City from the Iron Age to the Hellenistic Period
- Palaces
- The Platforms
- Religious Life
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 24 The Empire's Southeast
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- SECTION IV History
- A Predecessors of the Persian Empire and Its Rise
- CHAPTER 25 The Median Dilemma
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 26 Urartu
- Assyrian Records on Urartu
- Tuspa, Center of the Urartian Power: Sarduri I
- Sarduri's Successor
- The Religion as "Instrumentum Regni"
- The Citadel of Van Kalesi and Its Historical Monuments
- The Annals of Sarduri II in Hazine Kapisi (CTU A 9-1-3)
- The War Between Rusa I and Sargon for the Control of Northwestern Iran
- The Last Century of the Urartian History
- Urartian Chronology
- Note
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 27 From Assurbanipal to Cambyses
- Introduction
- General Aspects of Longue Durée Developments: Conquest and Growth of Empire
- Dynasty and Succession
- Note
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 28 Elamite Traditions
- Introduction: The Elamite Foundations of the Persian Empire
- Urban Landscape: Textual and Archeological Evidence
- Religious Heritage: Divinities, Highland Ceremonies, and Funerary Practices
- Artistic Heritage (i): Mudbrick Architecture and Vitreous Industries
- Artistic Heritage (ii): New Discoveries
- Concluding Remarks: The Legacy of Elam
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 29 The Great Conquests
- The Evidence
- History of Events
- Reception and Accommodation
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- B From Gauma¯ta to Alexander
- CHAPTER 30 Imperial Crisis
- Sources
- The Triggering and the Course of the Crisis
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 31 The Establishment of the Achaemenid Empire: Darius I, Xerxes I, and Artaxerxes I
- Sources and Perspectives
- War and Conquest: Darius I (522-486 BCE) and Xerxes I (486-465 BCE)
- Revolts
- War and (Re)Conquest: Artaxerxes I (465-424 BCE)
- Steady State of Empire
- Court and Architecture
- Some Concluding Remarks: Changes and Achievements
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 32 From Darius II to Darius III
- Darius II (423-405/4 BCE)
- Artaxerxes II (405/4-359/8 BCE)
- Artaxerxes III (359/8-338 BCE)
- The Transition to Darius III
- Darius III (336-330 BCE)
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 33 The Conquest by Alexander
- References
- Further Reading
- C Under Persian Rule
- CHAPTER 34 Parsa and Uja
- The Center of the Empire
- Source Problems
- Specific Events
- The Designing of the Imperial Center
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 35 Media
- Remarks on Media's Position in the Achaemenid Empire and on Median Ethnicity
- Administering Media
- Media as Part of the Imperial Economy and Inter-Provincial Communication
- Notes
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 36 Babylon
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- The Achaemenid Presence on the Arabian Islands
- The Persian Gulf as a Maritime Highway for the Transmission of Knowledge
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 38 The Arabian World
- Arabia
- The Qedarite Kingdom
- The Borders of Arabia
- Arabs in Persian Sources
- The Oasis of Tayma During the Achaemenid Period by Arnulf Hausleiter
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 39 Egypt
- Conquest
- Rule and Insurrections
- The Struggle for Keeping Independence
- The Second Persian Rule
- Later Reflections on Persian Rule
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 40 Nubia
- Nubia
- Archeological and Written Evidence in Nubia 525-330 BCE
- Interaction Between Nubia and Achaemenid Persia
- Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 41 The Cyrenaica
- Introductory Remarks
- Cyrenaica Before the Persian Conquest
- Persian Rule Over the Cyrenaica
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 42 The Levant
- The Levant and the Persian Empire
- People of the Levant
- Competitors and Allies
- The Levant in the Satrapy "Trans-Euphrates"
- The Phoenician City-States
- The Landlocked Provinces
- Trade and Products
- The Levantine Contributions to the Persian Army
- Change of Rule
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 43 Asia Minor
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 44 Cyprus and the Mediterranean
- Sources
- Political Events and Situations
- The Island, Its Economy, People, and Political Structure
- Greeks and Phoenicians in Cyprus: A Peculiar Discussion
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 45 The Greek World
- Traditional Interpretations and Source Issues
- Greeks, Lydians, and Persians in Asia Minor - The Problem of the "Vassal-Tyrants"
- The Ionian Revolt
- The Reorganization of Persian Rule After the Ionian Revolt and the Problem of Darius I's Reforms
- The So-called Persian Wars and the Delian League
- The Consequences of the Peloponnesian War - Greeks and Persians at the Beginning of the Fourth Century BCE
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 46 Macedonia
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 47 Thrace
- Achievements in European Thrace Predating Darius' Scythian Campaign
- Darius' Scythian Campaign (513/12 BCE)
- Megabazus' Undertakings in Thrace (c. 512-499 BCE)
- The Ionian Revolt (499-493 BCE)
- A New Persian Offensive (493-490 BCE) and the Consequences of Marathon
- Xerxes' Expedition Against Greece: Preparation, Start, and Failure, Followed by Persian Retreat (484/3-478 BCE)
- Persia and Thrace after the Founding of the Delian League (c. 477-c. 465 BCE)
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 48 The Northern Black Sea
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 49 The Caucasus Region
- The History of the Caucasus Region According to Primary and Secondary Sources
- Archeological Evidence for Persian Rule
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 50 The Nomads of the Steppes
- Nomads and Nomadism: Ancient Sources vs. Modern Definitions
- The Steppe Region: Nomads and Sedentaries in Contact
- Campaigns of Achaemenid Kings in the Steppe Region and the Localization of the Saka Provinces
- Fragments of Information on the History and Administration of the Steppe Area During Achaemenid Times
- Notes
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 51 The Iranian East
- Environment
- Problem of Sources
- The Establishment of Achaemenid Rule in Eastern Iran
- Eastern Iran and the Accession of Darius I
- Achaemenid Rule in the Iranian East During the Reigns of Darius I and Xerxes I
- The Iranian East from Artaxerxes I to Darius III
- The End of Achaemenid Rule in the Iranian East
- Regional Overview
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 52 India
- References
- Further Reading
- SECTION V Structures and Communication
- CHAPTER 53 Roads and Communication
- Introduction: The Sources
- Development and Extension of the Road Network
- The Network of Royal Roads: The Textual Record
- Royal and Ancillary Roads
- The Institutional Perspective: Persis, Bactria, Palestine, and Egypt
- Archeological Evidence
- Means of Communication
- Communication and Connectivity
- The Extent and the Borders of the Known World
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 54 The Interplay of Languages and Communication
- Mixing of Populations, Mixing of Languages
- The Art of Translation
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 55 Achaemenid Art - Art in the Achaemenid Empire
- Summary
- Notes
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 56 Seals and Sealing
- Introduction
- The Evidence
- Persepolis
- Susa
- Daskyleion
- Memphis
- Correspondence of Arsama
- Unprovenanced Clay "Tags"
- Wadi ed-Daliyeh, Samaria
- Babylonia
- Ur
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 57 Royal Coinage
- Introduction: Coins in Context
- Lydia: From the Cradle of Coinage to the Coinage of an Empire
- Iran: Coining and Communicating an Imperial Ideology
- Greece: From Persepolis to the Parthenon
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 58 Empire, Borders, and Ideology
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- Volume II
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Detailed Table of Contents
- Notes on Contributors
- SECTION VI Administration and Economy
- A Imperial Administration
- CHAPTER 59 Satrapal Administration
- The Term Satrap in Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions
- The Meaning of the Terms Satrap and Satrapy
- The Sources
- Pathways to the Design of an Overall Picture
- Satrapal Administration
- On the Duties of the Satraps
- Notes
- Acknowledgment
- Sigla
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 60 Hierarchy and ethno-classe dominante
- Hierarchy
- The Persian Elite
- Local Elites
- A Multiethnic Elite
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 61 Deportations
- General Remarks
- The Sources (and Their Problems)
- Fundamentals of Achaemenid Deportation Practice
- Deportations in the Assyrian and Persian Empires: A Comparison
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- B Local Administration
- CHAPTER 62 Persia
- Introduction
- Archives from Persepolis
- From Umhuluma to Parnakka
- From Ram Hormoz to Nrz
- From Parnakka to Peucestes
- Treasurers and Commanders
- Institutional Hierarchy
- Epilogue
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 63 Babylonia
- General Outlines: Power Negotiation, Elite Management, and Administration
- Power Relationships: The Babylonian Administration and Their King
- Inheriting a State: The Administrative Takeover of the Neo-Babylonian Empire by the Persians
- The Governor (Satrap) of Babylonia
- Showcasing Imperial Power
- Local Administrative Structures in Babylonia
- Revenue and Control
- The King's New Men
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 64 Egypt
- Administrative Hierarchy
- Specialized Administrations
- Administration in Multicultural Context
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 65 Asia Minor
- Officers and Vassals
- Provinces
- Activities and Responsibilities
- Property of Land and Tribute
- Acknowledgment
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 66 Bactria
- Introduction
- Sources
- Administrative Procedures and Hierarchy
- Economy and Taxation
- Epilogue: The Hellenistic Period
- References
- Further Reading
- C Economy
- CHAPTER 67 Taxes and Tributes
- Taxes and Tributes According to the Classical Sources
- Taxation and Service Obligations Under the Persians According to Babylonian Cuneiform Texts
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 68 Temple Economy
- The Role of the King
- Feeding the Gods
- Feeding the Priesthood
- Resources
- The Workforce
- Tilling the Land and Tending the Gardens
- Birds and Fish
- Craftsmen
- Tax and Corvée Obligations
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- Chapter 69 Babylonian Entrepreneurs
- Introduction
- Sources
- Babylonian Entrepreneurs in the Empire
- References
- Further Reading
- SECTION VII Society and Politics
- CHAPTER 70 The Residences
- The Residences in the Imperial Capitals
- A Metropolis, a Citadel, and "Empty Cities"
- The Surroundings of the Residences
- Function
- The Residences in the Imperial Capitals - Conclusion
- Other Residences
- Notes
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 71 The Court
- What Was the Persian "Court"?
- Theater of Royalty: Court Ceremony and Etiquette
- The Itinerant Court
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 72 King - Elites and Subjects - Slaves
- Tribes
- King
- Elites
- Subjects
- Slaves
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 73 Banquet and Gift Exchange
- Research Context
- The King as Receiver and Giver
- Items of Exchange
- The King's Table
- Conspicuous Consumption and Competitive Gift-Giving
- Evaluating Importance
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 74 Clothes and Insignia
- The Riding Costume
- The Court Robe
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 75 Jurisdiction
- The King as Lawgiver and Judge
- The Role of the Satrap
- Local Jurisdiction: The Case of Babylonia
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 76 Diplomacy
- Ambassadors, Arbiters, and Envoys
- The Conduct of Intercourse and Negotiations
- Travel to and from the Achaemenid Court
- Protocol
- Bridging Language Barriers and Diplomacy
- Xenia
- Dexiae
- Gifts
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 77 Hunting and Leisure Activities
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 78 Gender and Sex
- Theoretical and Methodical Considerations
- Synthesis of the Current Scholarship and Aims of this Chapter
- Writing About Sexual Differences: The Literary Sources
- Sexual Differences and Gender in Script, Language, and Grammar
- Concepts of Royal Manliness
- Concepts of Elitist Femininity: Women in the Royal Milieu
- Concepts of Subordinated Manliness: Members of the Elite
- Concepts of Subordinated Masculinity and Femininity: Ordinary Persians
- Manliness and Femininity in the Persian Empire: The View of Greek and Latin Authors
- Concepts of Royal Manliness
- The Concept of Elitist Femininity: Women in the Royal Milieu
- The Concept of Subordinated Manliness: The Nobleman Who is Not the King
- Impressions of Subordinated Manliness and Femininity: Ordinary Persians
- Effeminates and Eunuchs: A Cause for Friction in Western Perceptions
- Summary and Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- SECTION VIII The Persian Empire at War
- CHAPTER 79 Legitimization of War
- Royal Ideology
- The Duties of the King
- The Conquest of Greece
- The Interests of Persia
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 80 Structure of the Army and Logistics
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 81 Military Organization and Equipment
- General Considerations
- Basic Clothing
- Offensive Weapons
- Defensive Weapons
- The Elements of an Army
- Fleet
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 82 Mercenaries
- Introduction
- Geographical Location
- Date Range and Early Patterns of Use
- Ethnicity
- Numbers
- Mercenary Employment Relations
- Types, Combinations, and Contexts of Use
- Strengths and Weaknesses
- Persian Dependence on Greek Mercenaries
- The Overall Incidence of Mercenary Use
- References
- Further Reading
- SECTION IX Religion and Worship
- CHAPTER 83 The Religion of the Achaemenid Rulers
- Three Styles of Religion at the Achaemenid Court
- The Imperial Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids
- The Familial Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids
- The Dynastic Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 84 The Achaemenids and the Avesta
- Preliminary Considerations
- Zoroastrianism or Non-Zoroastrianism?
- What Are We Comparing?
- Der liebe Gott steckt im Detail
- The Invisible Ceremony
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 85 The Heartland Pantheon
- Introduction
- The Divine World of Achaemenid Parsa
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 86 Practice of Worship in the Achaemenid Heartland
- Terminology
- Cultic Personnel
- The Fruits of the Fields
- Terms for Specific Rites
- All the Gods
- Royal and Funerary Cults
- Sacrificial Feasts and Other Festivals
- Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 87 Funerary Customs
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 88 Religions in the Empire
- The "Political" Zoroastrianism of the Achaemenid Rulers
- The Achaemenids and the Religions of the Empire
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- SECTION X "Geistesgeschichte", Science, and Technology
- CHAPTER 89 Schools, Erudition, and Wisdom
- Oral Education and Knowledge Transmission
- Education and Script
- Erudition and Wisdom
- Note
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 90 Astronomy and Astrology
- Introduction
- The Calendar
- Astronomical Observations
- Predictive and Theoretical Astronomy
- Astrology
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 91 Persian "Enlightenment"
- Introduction
- The Historical Background
- "Enlightenment"
- Sources for the Pre-Socratics
- What Is New in Pre-Socratic Philosophy?
- Philosophy, Science, Enlightenment, and the Disenchantment of the World
- Early Greek Philosophy and the Ancient Near East
- Outlook
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 92 Physicians and Medicine
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 93 Techniques of Art and Architecture
- Ceramics and Firing Techniques
- Mudbrick Architecture
- Stone
- Timber
- Glass
- Textile and Textile Productions
- References
- Further Reading
- SECTION XI The Perspective of Art
- CHAPTER 94 Statuary and Relief
- Scope and Nature of the Evidence
- Trends and Approaches
- Pasargadae, Founded by Cyrus II
- The Bisitun Monument of Darius I
- Naqsh-i Rustam
- Persepolis and Susa
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 95 The Minor Arts
- Introduction
- Achaemenid Glyptic
- Metalware
- Jewelry
- Other Minor Arts
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 96 Poetry, Music, and Dance
- Notes
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- References
- SECTION XII Reception and Heritage
- A Modes of Perception
- CHAPTER 97 The Perspectives of Greek and Latin Sources
- The Place of the Achaemenid Empire in a Global-Historical Perspective
- The Portrayal of the "Great" Kings from Cyrus to Xerxes
- Stereotype in the Portrayal of the Great King
- The Ambivalences in the Portrayal of the Military Powers and the Economic Resources
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 98 "Perserie"
- Introduction
- Perserie in Athens (M.C. Miller)
- Perserie in Macedonia (S.A. Paspalas)
- Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 99 Jewish Perspectives on Persia
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 100 Perspectives in Europe in the Middle Ages and the Modern Era
- Introduction
- The Influence of the Alexander Romance
- Cast into the Role of the Enemy
- Persian Great Kings as exempla
- Persian Kings in the Bible
- Excitement for the Ancient Persian Empire
- Conclusions
- References
- Further Reading
- B The Local Heritage
- CHAPTER 101 Heirs of the Achaemenid Empire: Seleucids, Arsacids, and Sasanians
- The Seleucids
- The Arsacids
- The Sasanians
- Notes
- References
- CHAPTER 102 The Perception in Iran in the Medieval and Modern Era
- Introduction
- Medieval Period
- Modern Period
- Qajar Period
- Pahlav Period
- Islamic Republic of Iran
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- C Contemporary Perception
- CHAPTER 103 Popular Culture and Its Traditions
- Staging the Achaemenids: Movies, Comics, Opera, Drama, and Propaganda
- Achaemenids Between External and Self-Perception
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 104 The Achaemenid Empire and Forgery: Inscriptions
- Various Tablets
- Weapons
- Vessels
- Wooden Coffin
- Gobelin-Like Carpet
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 105 The Achaemenid Empire and Forgery: Material Culture
- Note
- References
- Further Reading
- SECTION XIII History of Research
- CHAPTER 106 Western Europe
- Chronological Survey
- Scholarship in Different Countries
- Research by Theme and Type of Publication
- Research into Specific Classical Authors
- Research on Xenophon
- Research on Diodorus
- Lives of Alexander
- Research on Plutarch
- Minor Authors
- Archaeological Research
- Numismatic Research
- Journals and Serial Publications
- Online Resources
- Conferences and Exhibitions
- Conclusion
- Notes
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 107 The USA
- Introduction
- Language/Text/History
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 108 Eastern Europe
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 109 Iran
- The Early Iranian Concept of the Achaemenid Empire
- The Modern Era, the Nineteenth Century, and the Early Iranian Excavations
- 1900-1939
- 1945-1979
- 1979-2010
- References
- Further Reading
- CHAPTER 110 The Achaemenid Empire: Realm of Tyranny or Founder of Human Rights?
- Introductory Remarks
- Cyrus II, King of Persia: Founder of an Empire, "Wise Prince," and "Immoderate Ruler"
- A "Forgotten Empire" of a Special Quality? The Achaemenid Empire in an Ancient Near Eastern and Greek Perspective
- Ancient Iran in Today's Iran
- References
- Further Reading
- Names of Persons and Deities
- Topo- and Ethnonyms
- EULA
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