Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment
Erschienen am 4. November 2022
401 Seiten
979-8-88697-396-9 (ISBN)
Beschreibung
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (often known as COPD) is a respiratory disease that affects more than 400 million people worldwide. In 2019, COPD was responsible for 3.23 million deaths globally. This makes COPD the third greatest cause of mortality worldwide. People with COPD frequently experience increasing levels of breathlessness as the disease advances. This can cause a significant financial burden due to the limitations on workplace and home productivity, and costs of medical treatment. Therefore, delivering comprehensive management for people living with COPD is important to lessen such a burden. This book intends to provide comprehensive expert review chapters on the most significant aspects in the management of COPD from diagnosis to treatment through clear insights and explanations. It offers thorough evaluations that provide clinicians involved in COPD management at all levels with a brief, all-encompassing reference to symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. This book covers four major areas in COPD management, including disease physiology and pathophysiology, diagnosis tools, disease burden, and management of stable and non-stable COPD.
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12/2022
Nova Science Publishers Inc
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Inhalt
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1
- Definition and Epidemiology of COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Definition of COPD
- Epidemiology of COPD
- Incidence
- Mortality
- Economic and Morbidity Burden
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 2
- Risk Factors for Developing COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Risk Factors for Developing COPD
- Smoking-Related COPD
- Non-Smoking-Related COPD
- Genetic
- Air Pollution
- Exposure during Childhood and Impaired Growth of the Lungs
- Occupational Exposure
- Demographic Characteristics
- Socioeconomic Status
- Asthma
- Tuberculosis
- HIV Infection
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 3
- Pathophysiology of COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Normal Airway Anatomy
- COPD Pathogenesis
- Immune Response
- COPD Pathology
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Pathological Changes
- Small Airways Disease
- Emphysema
- Pathogenesis
- Pathological Changes
- COPD Pathophysiology
- Airflow Limitation
- Lung Volumes
- Air-Trapping and Hyperinflation
- Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 4
- Comorbidity and COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Cardiovascular Disease
- COPD and CVD Pharmacological Treatment
- Metabolic Disorders (Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes)
- Skeletal Muscle Weakness and Osteoporosis
- Psychiatric Disorders
- Lung Cancer
- COPD and Comorbidity Burden
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 5
- Mental Disorders and COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- The Potential Link between Mental Disability and COPD
- Impact of Mental Health on COPD
- Screening and Diagnosis
- Anxiety Screening Tools
- Depression Screening Tools
- Mental Health Management for Patients with COPD
- Non-Pharmacological Treatment
- Pharmacological Treatment
- Barriers to Treatments
- Challenges for Clinical Practice
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 6
- Spirometry as a Diagnostic Tool in COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- What Is Spirometry?
- Reasons for Conducting Spirometry
- Phases of Spirometry Testing
- Operator and Equipment Quality Assurance
- Acceptability, Repeatability Criteria and Data Reporting
- Eligibility for Spirometry
- Assessing Severity of COPD Using Spirometry
- Bronchodilator Responsiveness Testing in COPD
- Approaches to Spirometry Interpretation
- Patterns of Spirometry Impairment
- Limitations of Spirometry Testing
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 7
- Alternative Methods of Physiological Lung Function Assessments in COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Oscillation Technique
- Body Plethysmography
- Inert Gas Washout Tests
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 8
- COPD Case-Findings Tools for COPD Diagnosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- COPD Case-Finding Tools: What and Why?
- Alternative Approaches
- What Is the Evidence?
- Challenges and Future Perspectives
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 9
- Smoking Cessation in the Management of Stable COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Screening, Assessment, and Enrollment
- Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation
- First-Line Pharmacotherapies
- Nicotine Replacement Therapy
- Varenicline
- Bupropion
- Second-Line Pharmacotherapies
- New Pharmacotherapies
- Electronic Nicotine Delivery System
- Combinations of Different Pharmacotherapies
- Behavioral Support for Smoking Cessation
- Relapse Prevention
- Tobacco Control Policies and Tobacco Use Treatment Services
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 10
- Vaccinations in the Management of Stable COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pneumococcal Vaccines
- Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13)
- Adverse Effects
- Effectiveness
- Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV23)
- Adverse Reaction
- Influenza Vaccines
- Annual Selection of Viruses
- Inactivated Influenza Vaccine
- Inactivated Influenza Vaccination Immune Response
- Efficacy and Effectiveness of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine
- Adverse Events
- Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines
- Efficacy
- SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
- Vaccine Development and Types
- Current COVID-19 Vaccines
- Inactivated Vaccine
- mRNA Vaccine
- Viral Vector-Based Vaccine
- Nanoparticle-Based Peptide Vaccine
- Evidence of Effectiveness of Vaccines in COPD Exacerbations
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 11
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) in the Management of Stable COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Program Duration
- Program Setting
- Program Referral
- Indications
- Contraindications
- Nonadherence
- Clinical Impacts
- Controlling Symptoms
- Tolerating Exercise
- Improving Mental Health
- Surviving COPD and Achieving Better Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)
- Facilitating Greater Independence
- Reducing Hospitalizations and Healthcare Visits
- Reaping the Economic Benefits
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Models for Stable COPD
- Standard Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program Designed for Stable COPD Patients
- Pre-Rehabilitation Assessment
- Exercise Component
- Endurance Training
- Strength Training
- Flexibility Training
- Home Exercise Program and Maintenance Exercise Training
- Education Component
- COPD Education
- Occupational Therapy
- Nutrition
- Mental Health Support
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 12
- Management of Malnutrition in Stable COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Definition and Background of Malnutrition
- Prevalence of Malnutrition in Stable COPD Patients
- Causes and Consequences of Malnutrition in Stable COPD Patients
- Body Composition in Stable COPD
- Screening for Malnutrition
- Management of Malnutrition in Stable COPD
- Dietary Advice or Instruction
- Oral Nutritional Supplementation
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 13
- Oxygen Therapy and Ventilatory Support Modalities in Stable COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Oxygen Therapy in Stable COPD
- Oxygen Therapy in COPD Patients with Severe Hypoxemia
- Oxygen Therapy in COPD Patients with Moderate Hypoxemia
- LTOT Oxygen Delivery Systems
- Oxygen Cylinders
- Liquid Oxygen
- Oxygen Concentrators
- Summary
- Ventilatory Support Modalities in Stable COPD
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
- High Flow Nasal Cannula
- Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 14
- Interventional Therapy in Stable COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Screening Patients for Intervention
- Interventional Therapy
- Bronchoscopic Interventions
- Surgical Interventions
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 15
- Pharmacological Management of Stable COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists and Stable COPD
- ß2 Agonists and Stable COPD
- Dual Therapy with ß2 Agonists and Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists for Stable COPD
- Inhaled Corticosteroids Alone And Stable COPD
- Combined Dual Therapy with LABAs and Inhaled Corticosteroids for Stable COPD
- Triple Therapy with LABAs, LAMAs and Inhaled Corticosteroids for Stable COPD
- Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) Inhibitors and Stable COPD
- Methylxanthines and Stable COPD
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 16
- Palliative and End-of-Life Care in COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Palliative and End-of-Life Care in COPD
- The Role of the Team in Palliative and End-of-Life Care
- Planning Palliative and End-of-Life Care for COPD Patients
- Elements of Effective Palliative Care
- Management of Dyspnea
- Oxygen Therapy/Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (NIV)
- Nutritional Support
- Emotional State: Anxiety and Depression
- Advance Care Planning
- Barriers and Facilitators in Palliative Care
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 17
- Self-Management and Education in Stable COPD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Definition of Self-Management
- Evidence of Effectiveness of Self-Management in COPD
- Cost Effectiveness
- Recommended Self-Management Interventions in Stable COPD
- Education
- COPD Action Plan
- Symptoms Management
- Breathing
- Thinking
- Functioning
- Inhaler Techniques and Drug Adherence
- Healthy Lifestyle
- Oxygen Therapy
- Telehealth Monitoring
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 18
- The Efficacy of Aerosol Therapy in Nasal High Flow Therapy to COPD Patients
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Physiological Rationale and Mechanism of Actions
- Technical Features and Oxygenation Effect
- Airways Ventilation Support
- Humidification and Comfort
- Mucociliary Clearance
- Factors Affecting Aerosol Delivery During Non-Invasive Ventilation and High Flow Therapy
- Airway Anatomy and Lung Disease Injury
- Aerosol Generator Type in the Circuit
- Nebulizers
- Mode of Nebulizers
- Nebulizer Dead Volume
- pMDIs
- Aerosol Generators' Location within the Circuit
- Humidification and Heat of the Circuit
- Gas Flow Rate
- Gas Density
- Interfaces
- Aerosol Aerodynamic Effect
- Patient Position
- Ventilator-Associated Factors Affecting Aerosol Delivery
- Current Clinical and Pharmacological Aerosol Therapy Applications during Ventilation Using NIV and HFT
- Acute Respiratory Distress
- Acute COPD Exacerbations
- ARF Immunocompromised Patients
- Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
- Post-Extubation
- Palliative Care
- Complications
- Discontinuation
- Prediction of NIV and HFT Failure
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 19
- Definition, Severity and Prevalence of COPD Exacerbation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Pathology
- Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation
- Radiography
- Sputum
- Clinical Course and Mortality
- COPD Exacerbations and COVID-19
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 20
- Acute Exacerbation of COPD: Differential Diagnosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pneumonia (Community-acquired/Hospital-acquired/COVID-19)
- Bedside Approach for Differentiation
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 21
- Acute Exacerbations of COPD: A Pathophysiology Overview
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathology of COPD
- Pathophysiology of Stable COPD
- Pathophysiology of Acute Exacerbations of COPD
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis of COPD Exacerbation
- Pathophysiology of COPD Exacerbation
- Consequences of COPD Exacerbation
- The Role of COPD Subtypes and Comorbidities
- Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema (CPFE)
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 22
- Recognition and Consequences of COPD Exacerbation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anatomical and Physiological Changes in COPD
- Exacerbation of COPD
- Triggers/Risk Factors
- Classification (GOLD Classification and Rome Proposal)
- Why Early Recognition of Exacerbation Is Important
- Exacerbation Recognition Tools
- Consequences of COPD Exacerbation
- Impact on Symptom Duration
- Impact on Lung Function
- Impact of Co-Morbidities on COPD
- Systemic Consequences of COPD
- Impact on Mental Health
- Impact on Cognitive Function
- The Economic Impact of COPD
- Impact on Physical Activity/Exercise Performance
- Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life/Long Term Impact
- Impact on Mortality
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 23
- Management of Exacerbations
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Assess Severity
- Define the Setting of Treatment
- Pharmacological Treatments
- Bronchodilators
- Corticosteroids
- Antibiotics
- Adjunct Therapies
- Respiratory Support
- Oxygen
- HFNT
- Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV)
- Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV)
- Therapy at Discharge
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 24
- Role of Pulmonary Rehabilitation and COPD Exacerbations
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Consequences of AECOPD and Rationale for Exercise-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation
- Recommendations on Safety Parameters for Mobilizing AECOPD Patients
- Evaluation of AECOPD Patient in a Hospital Ward Setting
- Evidence of Exercise-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation for AECOPD Inpatients
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 25
- Self-Management of Acute Exacerbation of COPD: Conventional vs. Telehealth Interventions
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Search Strategy
- MeSH Terms
- Quality of Evidence
- Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
- Outcomes of Interest
- Results
- Discussion
- Conventional Self-Management Intervention
- Telehealth Self-Management Intervention
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 26
- Digital Health Applications in COPD Management: Structural Roadmap for Successful Implementation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Digital Solutions in Health Services
- Optimising Digital Health Use in COPD Management
- Context of Digital Health Solutions
- Intervention Settings
- Digital Health Solutions Development
- COPD Populations
- Mechanism
- Content
- Mode of Delivery
- Strategies of Delivering COPD Management via Digital Health Support
- Individual Strategy
- Group Strategy
- Intensity
- Duration and Frequency
- Outcomes
- Health Outcomes
- Determinants of Digital Health Solutions
- Other Promising Applications for Digital Health in COPD Management
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 27
- COPD and COVID-19: Epidemiology at a Glance
- Abstract
- Introduction
- COVID-19 Epidemiology among COPD Patients
- Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 in COPD Patients
- Risk Factors and Prevention
- Preventive Measures
- Management of COPD with Co-Existing COVID-19
- Mental Health Burden of COVID-19 on COPD Patients
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Chapter 28
- COPD Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection Tests
- Spirometry and Pulmonary Function Tests
- Bronchoscopy
- Radiology
- Pharmacological Maintenance Treatment of COPD during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Non-Pharmacological Treatment of COPD during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- COPD Exacerbations
- Systemic Corticosteroids
- Antibiotics
- Self-Management in COPD
- The Impact of COPD and Smoking History on the Severity of COVID-19
- Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- Remote Patient Monitoring and Telemedicine of COPD Patients due to COVID-19 Restrictions
- Identification of Candidate Patients for Remote Follow-Up and Telemedicine
- Conclusion
- Key Points
- References
- Editor's Contact Information
- Index
- Blank Page
