Experience in the Management of Radioactive Waste After Nuclear Accidents: A Basis for Preplanning

Name: Experience in the Management of Radioactive Waste After Nuclear Accidents: A Basis for Preplanning
Brand: International Atomic Energy Agency
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IAEA(Autor*in)

International Atomic Energy Agency (Verlag)

Erschienen am 22. November 2022

190 Seiten

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978-92-0-131322-5 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
1.2. Objective
1.3. Scope
1.4. Structure
2. ACCIDENT WASTE ORIGINS AND CHARACTERISTICS
2.1. Quantities of waste
2.2. Waste characteristics
2.3. Differences between accident and normal wastes
3. SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING
3.1. Requirements management system and hierarchy
3.2. Implementation of a requirements management system
3.2.1. Accident site end state requirements and interim state milestones
3.2.2. Waste acceptance criteria for storage and disposal facilities
3.2.3. Free release, clearance and recycling criteria
3.2.4. Discharge requirements
3.2.5. Licensing and regulatory requirements for all activities and facilities involved
3.2.6. Cost control and budget decision making
3.2.7. Waste minimization options
3.2.8. Records and data management
3.2.9. Quality management challenges
3.2.10. Available organizational structure
3.2.11. Available infrastructure
3.2.12. Availability of experienced personnel and training needs
3.2.13. Mode of deployment of technologies (fixed versus mobile/transportable)
3.2.14. Research and development needs
3.2.15. Feedback/lessons learned
3.2.16. Interactions with other programmes
3.2.17. Communications needs and public involvement
4. PRE- AND POST-ACCIDENT PLANNING
4.1. Preplanning for disposal
4.1.1. Evaluation of existing disposal capacity
4.1.2. Evaluation of potential new disposal facility locations and technologies
4.1.3. Averaging, dilution and blending approaches
4.1.4. Stakeholder involvement in accident waste disposal
4.1.5. Other technical issues in disposal preplanning
4.2. Post-accident waste management planning
4.2.1. Example 1: recovery operations planning at the Chornobyl Unit 4 site
4.2.2. Example 2: the Fukushima Daiichi NPP roadmap
4.3. Additional remarks on the post-accident plan
5. IMPLEMENTING THE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
5.1. Conversion of existing facilities
5.2. Siting new facilities
5.3. Design
5.4. Licensing
5.5. Facility construction and project execution
5.6. Commissioning and testing
5.7. Training
5.8. Operation and maintenance
5.9. Decommissioning of waste handling and storage facilities
5.10. Quality assurance and quality control
6. WASTE CHARACTERIZATION STRATEGIES, METHODOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES
6.1. Characterization strategy and methodology
6.1.1. Process knowledge
6.1.2. Establishing a characterization programme
6.1.3. Data quality objectives
6.2. Varying demands for characterization data
6.2.1. Bulk characterization
6.2.2. Characterization for sorting and staging
6.2.3. Characterization of bags and packages
6.2.4. Release, clearance and recycling of materials
6.2.5. Food supply characterization
6.2.6. Underwater characterization
6.2.7. Characterization for processing, storage and disposal
6.3. Characterization methods and techniques
6.3.1. Dose rate measurements
6.3.2. Contamination survey with alpha, beta and gamma probes
6.3.3. Measurement of airborne contamination
6.3.4. Gamma spectrometry
6.3.5. Gamma imaging
6.3.6. Neutron counting
6.3.7. Destructive analysis
6.4. Characterization examples from past nuclear accidents
6.4.1. Three Mile Island accident
6.4.2. Chernobyl accident
6.4.3. Fukushima Daiichi accident
7. WASTE COLLECTION, HANDLING AND RETRIEVAL
7.1. Initial waste collection
7.2. Handling of large and/or bulk materials
7.3. Remote evaluation of materials in damaged structures
7.4. Retrieval from storage
8. PROCESSING OF WASTES
8.1. Pretreatment
8.1.1. Sorting and segregation
8.1.2. Decontamination
8.2. Treatment
8.2.1. Solids
8.2.2. Liquids
8.2.3. Gaseous wastes
8.3. Conditioning
8.3.1. Solids
8.3.2. Liquids
8.4. Containers and packaging
9. TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSFER
10. STORAGE
10.1. Initial considerations
10.2. Issues in planning storage
10.3. Selecting appropriate storage solutions
10.4. Improvised temporary storage structures
10.5. Purpose built interim storage structures
10.5.1. Purpose built storage at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP
10.5.2. Purpose built storage at the Chornobyl NPP
10.5.3. Purpose built storage at TMI NPP
11. DISPOSAL
11.1. Waste volume impacts on national waste disposal activities
11.2. Identifying the types of disposal facility that might be required using a graded approach
11.3. Number, size and type of disposal facilities needed
11.4. Siting new disposal facilities after an accident
11.4.1. Siting disposal facilities in relation to the contaminated area
11.4.2. Local community incentives as a means to expedite new facility development
11.4.3. Application of siting criteria in an accident situation
11.5. Disposal facility operations following an accident
11.5.1. New disposal facility construction
11.5.2. Transportation to an off-site disposal facility: routes, modes and equipment
11.5.3. Shipment loading and unloading facilities
11.5.4. Verification of WAC at the disposal facility
11.5.5. Operational monitoring and surveillance at the disposal facility
11.6. Experience with disposal following major accidents
12. CONCLUSION: the value of being prepared
Appendix I THE WINDSCALE PILES ACCIDENT
Appendix II THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT
Appendix III THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT
Appendix IV THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI ACCIDENT
Appendix V OTHER NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS
Appendix VICLEANUP OF LEGACY NUCLEAR SITES
REFERENCES
ABBREVIATIONS
CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES

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