Cologne Commentary on Space Law Volume II - ????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????? (??? II)

Name: Cologne Commentary on Space Law Volume II - ????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????? (??? II) | Rescue Agreement, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, Moon Agreement - ?????????? ? ????????, ????????? ?? ??????????-?????, ????????? ? ???????????, ?????????? ? ????
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Rescue Agreement, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, Moon Agreement - ?????????? ? ????????, ????????? ?? ??????????-?????, ????????? ? ???????????, ?????????? ? ????

Stephan Hobe Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd Kai-Uwe Schrogl(Herausgeber*in)

Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 5. August 2020

1071 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Content
Scientific Advisory Board
Cologne Commentary on Space Law
Project Overview Cologne Commentary on Space Law
Editors' Foreword
Preface to Volume II
Foreword by Igor B. Porokhin
Preface by Elina L. Morozova
Annotation to the Translation by the Translators
List of Contributors
Table of Documents
Table of Cases
Abbreviations
Space Law Development
1. Space Law Development - Overview
2. Unofficial Article Headlines
The 1968 Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (ARRA)
A. Historical Background and Context
I. Introduction
II. Historical Background
III. Political Background
1. Interests of Space Powers
2. Controversial Questions Between the Space Powers
IV. Practical Background
1. Incidents with Astronauts
2. Incidents with Space Objects
V. Drafting History
1. First Phase of Negotiations
2. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space 1963
3. Negotiations after the 1963 Principles Declaration
a) Drafts and Preliminary Agreements in 1964 and 1965
b) Issues Under Discussion
4. Assistance and Return in the Outer Space Treaty
5. Negotiations after the Agreement on the Outer Space Treaty 1967
a) Deadlock of Negotiations during the Sixth Session in Geneva in June 1967
b) Bilateral Meetings from September 1967
c) Final Phase in December 1967
6. Process of Ratification
VI. Relationship with Other Treaties
VII. Missing Issues
1. Dispute Settlement
2. Time Frames
3. Expenses of Assistance and Return of Personnel of a Spacecraft
B. Commentary ARRA
Preamble
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Lex Specialis
2. The Term 'astronauts'
3. International Cooperation
4. The Term 'sentiments of humanity'
Article 1 (Notification of Accidents/Distress/Emergency or Unintended Landing)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. The Term 'personnel of a spacecraft'
a) In Relation to 'astronauts'
b) In Relation to 'spaceflight participants'
2. The Terms 'accident', 'conditions of distress', 'emergency or unintended landing'
a) The Term 'accident'
b) The Term 'distress'
c) The Term 'emergency or unintended landing'
d) The Expression 'in territory under its jurisdiction or on the high seas or in any other place not under the jurisdiction of any State'
3. The Term 'Contracting Party'
4. The Expression 'which receives information or discovers'
5. Obligations of the Contracting Party
a) Notification to the Launching Authority or Public Announcement
b) The Expression 'notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations'
Article 2 (Rescue and Assistance/ Territory under Jurisdiction of Contracting Party)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
1. Means and Ways of Assistance
2. Assistance in the Territory of the Contracting Party
II. Commentary
1. The Expression 'land in the territory under the jurisdiction of a Contracting Party'
2. Obligations of the ContractingParty
a) Rescue and Render Assistance (Sentence 1)
b) Inform the Launching Authority and Secretary-General (Sentence 2)
c) Consultation with the Launching Authority in Search and Rescue Operations (Sentence 4)
d) Operations Subject to Direction and Control of the Contracting Party (Sentence 4)
3. Obligations of the Launching Authority (Sentence 3)
Article 3 (Assistance and Rescue/ Territory not under Jurisdiction of Contracting Party)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Extend Assistance in Search and Rescue Operations
2. Information to the Launching Authority and the UN Secretary-General
Article 4 (Prompt Return of Personnel)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article 5 (Notification, Recovery and Return of Space Objects)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Notification about Return of Space Objects to Earth (Paragraph 1)
a) The Term 'space object or its component parts'
b) The Expression 'returned to Earth in territory under its jurisdiction or on the high seas or in any other place not under the jurisdiction of any State'
2. Recovery of Objects or Component Parts (Paragraph 2)
3. Return of Objects or Component Parts and Submission of Identifying Data (Paragraph 3)
4. Notification of Hazardous or Deleterious Nature of Objects or Component Parts and Elimination of Possible Danger of Harm (Paragraph 4)
5. Expenses (Paragraph 5)
Article 6 (Launching Authority)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article 7 (Signature/Ratification/Accession/Entry into Force)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article 8 (Proposed Amendments)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Articles 9-10 (Final Provisions)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
1. Article 9 (Withdrawal)
2. Article 10 (Authentic Languages/ Deposition of the Agreement)
II. Commentary
1. Article 9 (Withdrawal)
2. Article 10 (Authentic Languages/ Deposition of the Agreement)
C. Future Perspectives
I. Return of Astronauts
II. Return of Space Objects
The 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (LIAB)
A. Historical Background and Context
I. Initial Developments
II. Various Drafts
III. Working Group of the Legal Subcommittee
IV. Negotiations from the OST to the LIAB
V. Substantive Aspects
B. Commentary LIAB
Preamble
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. General Purpose
2. Reference to OST
3. Precaution and Remaining Risk
4. Prompt Payment
5. Strengthening International Cooperation
Article I (Definitions)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
1. General Discussion
2. Discussion of Definitions
a) 'Damage'
b) 'Launching'
c) 'Launching State'
d) 'Space Object'
II. Commentary
1. Context and Rules of Interpretation
2. Definitions
a) 'Damage'
b) 'Launching'
c) 'Launching State'
d) 'Space Object'
Article II (Absolute Liability)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
1. Background
2. Absolute Liability
3. Various Draft Texts
4. Relations between the OST and LIAB
5. Launching State and Space Object
6. Place of Damage and Its Significance
II. Commentary
1. Responsibility and Liability Distinguished
a) Responsibility
b) Liability
2. Absolute Liability for Damage on Earth167
3. Damage Caused by a Space Object
a) Causation
b) Cosmos 954
c) Liability Resulting from Space Signals?
4. Regulating Liability through Compulsory Liability Insurance
5. Damage without Compensation under both OST and LIAB
Article III (Fault Liability)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Structure and Content
2. Scope of Application
3. Interpretation of Fault
a) The Notion of Fault in Space Law
b) Persons for Whom the Launching State is Responsible
4. Space Traffic Management
Article IV (Damage Caused Jointly by Two or More Space Objects/Third Party Liability)
I. Negotiating and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Joint and Several Liability
a) Prerequisites
b) Protection of Third Parties
c) Differentiation between Article II and III LIAB
2. Internal Apportionment of the Compensation
Article V (Joint Launch/Joint and Several Liability)
I. Negotiating and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Principle of Joint and Several Liability
a) Position of States
b) Position of International Organizations
2. Internal Apportioning/International Agreements
a) Internal Apportioning
b) Possible Agreements
3. Relevance of Territory or Facility
Article VI (Exoneration from Absolute Liability)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Gross Negligence/Intentional Damage
a) Sphere of Application
b) Denying Benefit from Own Negligent or Intentional Action
2. Breach of International Law
3. Need for Cautious Interpretation
Article VII (No Application to Nationals and Foreign Participants in Launching State(s))
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Limitation of Protected Persons
2. Implementation at National Level
Article VIII (Eligibility of Claimant States)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Injured State/Nationality of the Victim
2. State Where the Damage Occurred
3. State of Permanent Residency
Article IX (Diplomatic Channels)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article X (Term for Claims)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. General Rule: One Year
2. Exception in Certain Cases
3. Extent of damage
Article XI (Relation to National Jurisdiction)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Waiver of Local Remedy Rule
2. Relation to Proceedings under National Law
3. National Implementation
4. The PCA Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Outer Space Activities
a) Compare Scope of Dispute Settlement under LIAB
b) Content of the Optional PCA Rules
Article XII (Determination of Compensation)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XIII (Currency of Compensation)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XIV (Lack of Settlement/Claims Commission)
I. Negotiations and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XV (Composition of the Claims Commission)
I. Negotiations and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Composition
2. Conflict Rule
Article XVI (Lack of Appointment/Vacancy/Procedures)
I. Negotiations and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XVII (Joint and Collective Appointment)
I. Negotiations and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XVIII (Content of the Decision)
I. Negotiations and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Merits of Claim
2. Amount of Compensation
3. Contamination
Article XIX (Final and Binding Decision)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XX (Expenses)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XXI (Large-Scale Danger)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XXII (International Intergovernmental Organizations)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Prerequisites
2. Obligations of Member States of International Organizations
3. Primary Liability of the International Organization
4. Claim Presented by a State Member
Article XXIII (Relation to International Agreements)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. International Agreements
2. International Agreements to be Concluded
Article XXIV (Signature/Ratification/Accession/Entry Into Force)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XXV (Proposed Amendments)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article XXVI (Review/Revision)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Articles XXVII-XXVIII (Final Provisions)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
1. Article XXVII
2. Article XXVIII
II. Commentary
1. Article XXVII
2. Article XXVIII
C. Future Perspectives
The 1975 Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (REG)
A. Historical Background and Context
I. Historical Background
II. Context
B. Commentary REG
Preamble
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article I (Definitions)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Launching State (Literal (a))
2. Space Object (Literal (b))
3. State of Registry (Literal (c))
Article II (National Registries/Registration Obligation)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Obligation to Register Nationally/Information to the UN (Paragraph 1)
a) Mandatory National Registration of a Launching State
b) Earth Orbit or Beyond
c) Time of Registration
d) Public Information about Registries
e) National Practice on Registry Notification
2. Agreements between Two or More Launching States (Paragraph 2)
a) Consensual Decision, Non-Prioritization
b) Reference to Art. VIII OST and Appropriate Agreements
c) Context Jurisdiction and Control
d) Positive or Negative Conflicts of Competence
e) Examples of National Practice
3. Contents and Conditions of Each Registry (Paragraph 3)
4. Subsequent State Practice (for States Parties and Non-States Parties)
a) States Parties to REG
aa) Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and certain Eastern European Countries
ab) United States of America/Canada/United Kingdom/Australia
ac) Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela)
ad) Certain European States (France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Greece)
ae) Asia (Japan, China, India)
b) Non-States Parties
5. Notifications Before and BesidesREG
Article III (UN Register)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Mandatory UN Register
2. Open Access
Article IV (Information by Each State of Registry)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Information to be Furnished
2. Additional Information
3. De-Orbiting Information
Article V (Designator or Registration Number)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article VI (Request for Identification/Assistance)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article VII (International Intergovernmental Organizations)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Declaration of Acceptance
2. Action for States Members of International Governmental Organizations
Article VIII (Signature/Ratification/Accession/Entry into Force)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article IX (Proposed Amendments)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article X (Review/Revision)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Articles XI-XII (Final Provisions)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Article XI (Withdrawal)
2. Article XII (Authentic Languages/Deposition of the Convention)
C. Future Perspectives
I. Practical Problems to be Resolved
II. Outlook/UN Template
The 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (MOON)
A. Historical Background and Context
I. Introduction
II. Historical Context at the Negotiations
III. Recent Technological Developments/Economic Significance
IV. Drafting History
1. Overview: Negotiations in UNCOPUOS
2. The Early Draft Proposals
3. Main Issues under Discussion
B. Commentary MOON
Preamble
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article 1(Scope of Application)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies in the Solar System
2. Orbits and Trajectories around the Moon
3. Extraterrestrial Materials
Article 2 (International Law/Cooperation)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Activities Carried Out in Accordance with International Law
2. UN Charter and Friendly Relations Declaration
3. Perspectives of Implementation
Article 3 (Peaceful Purposes/Demilitarization)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. The expression 'exclusively for peaceful purposes'
2. Threat or Use of Force or Other Hostile Act or Threat of Hostile Act
3. Objects Carrying Nuclear Weapons or Other Weapons of Mass Destruction
4. Military Facilities, Weapons Testing, Military Maneuvers and Military Personnel
Article 4 (Province of All Mankind)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Freedom of Exploration and Use
2. Principle of Cooperation and Mutual Assistance
Article 5 (Mission Information/Scientific Community)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article 6 (Scientific Investigations/Samples/Minerals)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Freedom of Scientific Investigation
2. Collection and Removal of Samples of Minerals and Other Substances
3. Desirability of Exchanging Scientific and Other Personnel
Article 7 (Environment/Radioactive Materials)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Forward and Back Contamination
2. Obligations of Information: Measures Adopted Pursuant to Paragraph 1 and the Placement of Radio-active Materials
3. Areas of Special Scientific Interest: International Scientific Preserves
Article 8 (Exploration and Use/Consultations)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Pursuance of Activities On or Below the Surface of the Moon
2. Particularly Permitted Activities
a) Landing of Space Objects On and Launching them From the Moon
b) Placement of Personnel, Space Vehicles, Equipment, Facilities, Stations and Installations On or Below the Surface of the Moon
3. Prohibition of Interference with the Activities of Other States Parties
Article 9 (Stations/Free Access)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Establishment of Stations and Information to the Secretary-General
2. Installment of Stations without Impediment of Free Access to All Areas of the Moon
Article 10 (Safeguard of Life and Health)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Practical Measures to Safeguard Life and Health
2. Stations, Installations, Vehicles and Other Facilities as Shelter
Article 11 (Common Heritage of Mankind/International Regime)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Common Heritage of Mankind
2. Prohibition of National Appropriation
3. No Property Rights or Right of Ownership
4. Right to Exploration and Use
5. Establishment of an International Regime to Govern the Exploitation of Natural Resources
6. Information about Discovered Natural Resources
7. Main Purposes of the International Regime to be Established
a) Orderly and Safe Development
b) Rational Management of Resources
c) Expansion of Opportunities in the Use of Natural Resources
d) Equitable Sharing of Benefits Derived from Natural Resources
8. Compliance with the Purposes Specified in Art. 11 para. 7 and the Provisions of Art. 6 para. 2
Article 12 (Jurisdiction and Control/Ownership/Emergency)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Jurisdiction and Control/Ownership
2. Vehicles, Installations and Equipment Found in Places Other Than Their Intended Location
3. Emergency Involving a Threat to Human Life
Article 13 (Crash, Forced or Unintended Landing)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article 14 (International Responsibility/Liability)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. International Responsibility/Activities of Non-Governmental Entities
2. Arrangements Concerning Liability
Article 15 (Verification/ Access/Consultations/ Dispute Settlement)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Open Access/Notice of Projected Visits
2. Consultations between States Parties
3. Peaceful Dispute Settlement and Assistance by the Secretary-General
Article 16 (International Intergovernmental Organizations)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article 17 (Proposed Amendments)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article 18 (Review/Revision)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
Article 19 (Signature/Ratification/Accession/Entry Into Force)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Signature
2. Ratification and Accession
3. Entry Into Force
4. Subsequent Ratifications or Accessions after the Entry Into Force
5. Information about Signatures, Depositions, Entries Into Force and Other Notices
Articles 20-21 (Final Provisions)
I. Negotiation and Drafting History
II. Commentary
1. Article 20 (Withdrawal)
2. Article 21 (Authentic Languages/Deposition of the Agreement)
C. Future Perspectives
I. General Remarks
II. A blue print for a future international economic order for the economic exploitation of lunar resources
1. Internationalized Regime
2. Ecological Regulation Regime
3. Minimal Regulation Regime

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