Dictionaries. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography

1 - Preface [Seite 5]
2 - I. Dictionaries in modern society: Current status and perspectives [Seite 15]
2.1 - 1. Lexicography through the ages: From the early beginnings to the electronic age [Seite 15]
2.2 - 2. The impact of computational lexicography [Seite 38]
3 - II. New developments in lexicographic theory I: Textual structures [Seite 45]
3.1 - 3. Textual structures in printed dictionaries: An overview [Seite 45]
3.2 - 4. Macrostructures in printed dictionaries [Seite 87]
3.3 - 5. Access structures in printed dictionaries [Seite 124]
3.4 - 6. Microstructures in printed dictionaries [Seite 163]
3.5 - 7. Mediostructures in printed dictionaries [Seite 228]
3.6 - 8. Textual architectures in printed dictionaries [Seite 267]
3.7 - 9. Addressing and addressing structures in printed dictionaries [Seite 287]
3.8 - 10. Types of dictionary articles in printed dictionaries [Seite 328]
4 - III. New developments in lexicographic theory II: Dictionary types and functions [Seite 381]
4.1 - 11. Textual structures in electronic dicitionaries [Seite 381]
4.2 - 12. Mixed dictionary genres [Seite 395]
4.3 - 13. Dictionary of language contact [Seite 407]
4.4 - 14. Newdevelopments in learners' dictionaries I: English and French [Seite 414]
4.5 - 15. New developments in learners' dictionaries II: German [Seite 428]
4.6 - 16. New developments in learners' dictionaries III: Bilingual learners' dictionaries [Seite 439]
4.7 - 17. New developments in lexicography for special purposes I: An overview of linguistic dictionaries [Seite 445]
4.8 - 18. New developments in lexicography for special purposes II: An overview of dictionaries of lexicography [Seite 456]
4.9 - 19. Lexicographic functions [Seite 474]
5 - IV. New developments in lexicographic theory III: Selected dictionary subjects [Seite 483]
5.1 - 20. The treatment of culture-bound items in dictionaries [Seite 483]
5.2 - 21. The treatment of sensitive items in dictionaries [Seite 496]
5.3 - 22. The treatment of meaning in dictionaries and prototype theory [Seite 501]
5.4 - 23. The concept of semiotaxis [Seite 510]
5.5 - 24. New tendencies in the treatment of collocations [Seite 514]
5.6 - 25. New developments in the selection of examples [Seite 523]
6 - V. New developments in lexicographic theory IV: Research in dictionary production and use [Seite 531]
6.1 - 26. The lexicographical process (with special focus on online dictionaries) [Seite 531]
6.2 - 27. Theory of dictionary management [Seite 538]
6.3 - 28. Empirical research into dictionary use since 1990 [Seite 545]
6.4 - 29. Methods in the research of dictionary use [Seite 554]
6.5 - 30. The concept of simultaneous feedback [Seite 562]
6.6 - 31. User research in the field of electronic dictionaries: Methods, first results, proposals [Seite 570]
7 - VI. New developments in lexicographic and metalexicographic organisation [Seite 583]
7.1 - 32. Lexicographic training: An overview [Seite 583]
7.2 - 33. Establishing lexicography units [Seite 588]
7.3 - 34. Lexicographic associations [Seite 594]
7.4 - 35. Evaluation of dictionaries [Seite 601]
7.5 - 36. Aids in metalexicographic research [Seite 610]
8 - VII. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 I: The ancient languages of the Near East and the classical languages [Seite 626]
8.1 - 37. The ancient languages of the Near East [Seite 626]
8.2 - 38. The ancient languages of Greek and Latin [Seite 633]
9 - VIII. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 II: The Romance languages [Seite 650]
9.1 - 39. Iberoromance I: Historical and etymological lexicography [Seite 650]
9.2 - 40. Iberoromance II: Synchronic lexicography [Seite 659]
9.3 - 41. Gallo-Romance I: Historical and etymological lexicography [Seite 667]
9.4 - 42. Gallo-Romance II: Synchronic lexicography [Seite 677]
9.5 - 43. Italian [Seite 686]
9.6 - 44. Romanian [Seite 701]
10 - IX. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 III: The Germanic languages [Seite 716]
10.1 - 45. Scandinavian languages [Seite 716]
10.2 - 46. English and American I: Historical and etymological lexicography [Seite 727]
10.3 - 47. English and American II: Synchronic lexicography [Seite 734]
10.4 - 48. German I: Historical and etymological lexicography [Seite 745]
10.5 - 49. German II: Synchronic lexicography [Seite 756]
10.6 - 50. New developments in Dutch lexicography from 1990 onwards [Seite 830]
10.7 - 51. Aspects of Afrikaans lexicography [Seite 841]
11 - X. New developments in the lexicography of individual languages since 1990 IV: The Slavic languages [Seite 850]
11.1 - 52. East Slavic languages [Seite 850]
11.2 - 53. South Slavic languages [Seite 867]
11.3 - 54. West Slavic languages [Seite 875]
12 - XI. Lexicography of selected Asian languages [Seite 886]
12.1 - 55. Arabic lexicography [Seite 886]
12.2 - 56. Chinese lexicography [Seite 898]
12.3 - 57. Japanese lexicography [Seite 907]
12.4 - 58. Korean lexicography [Seite 914]
13 - XII. Lexicography of selected African languages [Seite 925]
13.1 - 59. Lexicography of the Nguni language [Seite 925]
13.2 - 60. Lexicography of the Sotho languages [Seite 943]
13.3 - 61. Lexicography of Shona [Seite 961]
13.4 - 62. Lexicography of the languages of Central Africa [Seite 967]
13.5 - 63. Lexicography of Fang [Seite 976]
13.6 - 64. Lexicography of the languages of Western Africa [Seite 978]
14 - XIII. The history of computational lexicography [Seite 983]
14.1 - 65. The early history of computational lexicography: The 1950s and 1960s [Seite 983]
14.2 - 66. Computational lexicography and corpus linguistics until ca 1970/1980 [Seite 996]
15 - XIV. Typology of electronic dictionaries I: Electronic dictionaries for human use [Seite 1015]
15.1 - 67. Design criteria and 'added value' of electronic dictionaries for human users [Seite 1015]
15.2 - 68. Monolingual and bilingual electronic dictionaries on the Internet [Seite 1027]
15.3 - 69. Dictionary portals [Seite 1037]
15.4 - 70. Electronic pedagogical dictionaries [Seite 1049]
15.5 - 71. Context-sensitive look-up in electronic dictionaries [Seite 1060]
15.6 - 72. Large-scale documentary dictionaries on the Internet [Seite 1067]
15.7 - 73. Electronic Encyclopedias [Seite 1083]
15.8 - 74. Combined products: Dictionary and corpus [Seite 1095]
16 - XV. Typology of electronic dictionaries II: Electronic dictionaries for machine use [Seite 1105]
16.1 - 75. Electronic dictionaries for speech recognition, for its applications and for speech synthesis [Seite 1105]
16.2 - 76. Electronic dictionaries for text processing and correction systems [Seite 1110]
16.3 - 77. Electronic language resources for information retrieval, information extraction and text mining [Seite 1116]
16.4 - 78. Electronic dictionaries for computer-assisted language learning [Seite 1129]
16.5 - 79. Electronic dictionaries for question answering and natural language database access [Seite 1150]
16.6 - 80. Electronic dictionaries for Natural Language Generation [Seite 1164]
16.7 - 81. Electronic dictionaries for Machine Translation and Machine-aided Translation [Seite 1175]
16.8 - 82. Generic dictionaries for multiple uses in NLP [Seite 1200]
17 - XVI. Models for the representation of dictionaries: The form aspect 83. Representing human and machine dictionaries in markup languages (SGML, XML) [Seite 1209]
17.1 - 84. Representing computational dictionaries in relational databases [Seite 1223]
17.2 - 85. Representing computational dictionaries in feature structure-based representation formalisms and typed feature logic [Seite 1241]
17.3 - 86. Representing computational dictionaries in AI-oriented knowledge representation formalisms [Seite 1248]
17.4 - 87. Representing (computational) dictionaries in hypertextual form [Seite 1258]
17.5 - 88. Representing computational dictionaries in dedicated formalisms: DATR, Word Manager [Seite 1268]
17.6 - 89. Standardization of the formal representation of lexical information for Natural Language Processing [Seite 1280]
18 - XVII. Models for the representation of linguistic data in electronic dictionaries: The content aspect [Seite 1289]
18.1 - 90. Coding word formation morphology in computational dictionaries [Seite 1289]
18.2 - 91. Coding syntactic properties of words in computational dictionaries [Seite 1298]
18.3 - 92. Coding semantic properties of words in computational dictionaries [Seite 1309]
18.4 - 93. WordNet: Principles, developments and applications [Seite 1321]
18.5 - 94. The FrameNet approach to relating syntax and semantics [Seite 1334]
18.6 - 95. Metadata description for lexicons [Seite 1343]
19 - XVIII.Computer-based dictionary making I: Acquisition of lexical data from corpora - corpus design [Seite 1350]
19.1 - 96. Criteria for the design of corpora for monolingual lexicography [Seite 1350]
19.2 - 97. The utilization of bilingual corpora for the creation of bilingual dictionaries [Seite 1358]
19.3 - 98. Large corpora designed for lexicographic work [Seite 1370]
19.4 - 99. The World Wide Web as a resource for lexicography [Seite 1379]
20 - XIX. Computer-based dictionary making II: Acquisition of lexical data from corpora and machine readable dictionaries - tools and procedures [Seite 1389]
20.1 - 100. Corpus pre-processing for lexicography [Seite 1389]
20.2 - 101. Tools to support the design of a macrostructure [Seite 1398]
20.3 - 102. Corpus Query Tools for lexicography [Seite 1409]
20.4 - 103. Tools and procedures for the acquisition of morphological and syntactic information from corpora [Seite 1419]
20.5 - 104. Tools for the acquisition of lexical combinatorics [Seite 1429]
20.6 - 105. Tools for lexicographic use of parallel and comparable corpora [Seite 1447]
20.7 - 106. Reversal of bilingual dictionaries [Seite 1459]
20.8 - 107. Workbenches for corpus-based lexicography [Seite 1469]
21 - XX. Computational terminography [Seite 1475]
21.1 - 108. Models for the representation of terminological data on the computer: Terminological databases · Felix Mayer [Seite 1475]
21.2 - 109. Large terminological databases · Marie-Claude L'Homme [Seite 1494]
21.3 - 110. Approaches to the acquisition of terminological data from text [Seite 1500]
22 - Index of Subjects [Seite 1512]
23 - Index of Names [Seite 1580]