Product Life-Cycle Management

Name: Product Life-Cycle Management | Geometric Variations
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Geometric Variations

Max Giordano Luc Mathieu François Villeneuve(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-ISTE (Verlag)

Erschienen am 17. Dezember 2012

576 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
PART I: Tolerance Analysis and Synthesis
Chapter 1: A New Method of Expressing Functional Requirements and How to Allocate Tolerance to Parts
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Brief review
1.2.1. How to compare
1.2.1.1. The case of application
1.2.1.2. Statistical tolerance zones
1.2.2. Statistical tolerancing methods
1.2.2.1. Traditional statistical tolerancing
1.2.2.2. Inertial tolerancing
1.3. Proposed method
1.3.1. Functional requirements
1.3.1.1. Expression of the functional requirement
1.3.1.2. Functional requirement and statistics
1.3.1.3. The functional requirement domain
1.3.2. The tolerancing strategy
1.3.2.1. Maximum variance allocation
1.3.2.2. The component tolerance domain
1.4. Discussion
1.4.1. Efficiency of the proposed method
1.4.2. Comparison to existing approaches
1.4.2.1. The functional requirement
1.4.2.2. The tolerance domain
1.4.2.3. Efficiency comparison
1.5. Bibliography
Chapter 2: A Parametric Approach to Determine Minimum Clearance in Overconstrained Mechanisms
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Compatibility relations between specification parameters
2.2.1. Modeling the geometric constraints problem
2.2.2. Compatibility relations for assemblability requirement
2.2.3. Compatibility relations for mobility requirement
2.3. Framework for minimum clearance determination
2.3.1. Nominal and associated mechanism
2.3.2. Actual and associated parts
2.3.3. Synthetic scheme
2.4. Application
2.4.1. First case
2.4.2. Second case
2.5. Conclusion
2.6. Bibliography
Chapter 3: Quick GPS: Tolerancing of an Isolated Part
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Mechanism definition
3.2.1. The positioning plan
3.2.2. Description with positioning tables
3.3. Datum system specifications
3.3.1. Positioning requirements
3.3.2. Positioning specifications
3.4. Relative position of reference frames
3.4.1. Links between reference frames
3.4.2. Specification corresponding to links
3.5. VBA application
3.5.1. General structure
3.5.2. Data acquisition and verification
3.5.3. Tolerancing process
3.6. Conclusion
3.7. Bibliography
Chapter 4: Synthesis and Statistical Analysis for 3D Tolerancing
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. Literature review
4.1.2. The domain model
4.2. Stack-up tolerance synthesis
4.2.1. Serial mechanisms
4.2.2. Analysis for worst case stack-up tolerances
4.2.3. Analysis with the statistical approach
4.2.4. Synthesis for stack-up tolerances
4.3. Serial mechanisms with non-perfect contacts
4.3.1. Analysis in the worst case
4.3.2. Analysis with the statistical approach
4.3.3. Synthesis for a serial mechanical system
4.4. "Reducible" structure
4.4.1. Parallel mechanical structure
4.4.2. Introduction to "reducible" structure
4.4.3. Algorithm and computational method
4.5. Example of the pin-hole assembly
4.5.1. Main data
4.5.2. Major results
4.6. Conclusion and discussion
4.6.1. Conclusion
4.6.2. Discussion and future works
4.7. Bibliography
Chapter 5: Reliability Analysis of the Functional Specification Applied to a Helicopter Gas Turbine
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Studied case
5.2.1. Tolerancing model
5.3. Deterministic approach
5.3.1. Sensitivity and elasticity analysis
5.3.2. Discussion about the determinist results
5.4. Probabilistic approach
5.4.1. Definition of the state functions
5.4.2. Determination of the statistical parameters from the tolerancing model
5.4.3. Failure rate estimation
5.4.4. Influence of the tolerancing parameters on the failure probability
5.4.5. Sensibility analysis on the failure probability
5.4.6. Parametric analysis of the ?8 parameter
5.5. Conclusion
5.6. Acknowledgments
5.7. Bibliography
Chapter 6: Inertial Tolerancing According to ISO GPS
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Tolerance synthesis
6.2.1. Definition of the functional requirement domain (FRD) applied to localization specification
6.2.2. Tolerance synthesis of a stack of parts
6.2.3. Example of tolerance synthesis
6.2.4. Process capability indices applied to SDT
6.2.5. Statistical tolerancing risk
6.2.6. Inertial tolerancing: short reminder
6.2.7. Inertial tolerancing with stack-up problem
6.3. 3D inertia
6.3.1. 3D inertia definitions and comparison
6.3.1.1. 3D inertia the first definition
6.3.1.2. 3D adjusted inertia - the second definition
6.3.1.3. 3D standard inertia - the third definition
6.3.1.4. 3D SDT inertia - the fourth definition
6.3.2. 3D inertia definitions comparison
6.3.3. 3D inertia in the industrial context
6.3.4. 3D inertia - conclusions
6.4. Conclusions
6.5. Bibliography
Chapter 7: Tolerance Analysis Based on Quantified Constraint Satisfaction Problems
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Quantifier notion and mathematical formulation of tolerance synthesis
7.2.1. Quantifier notion for geometrical product requirement
7.2.2. Mathematical formulation of tolerance analysis for geometrical product requirement
7.2.2.1. Geometrical description by variations parametric space
7.2.2.2. Geometrical behavior description using convex hulls
7.2.2.3. Relations between convex hulls
7.3. Worst case tolerance analysis based on quantified constraint satisfaction problems
7.3.1. QCSP
7.3.2. New mathematical formulation of tolerance analysis for QCSP solver
7.4. Statistical tolerance analysis based on constraint satisfaction problems and Monte Carlo simulation
7.4.1. Algorithm for statistical tolerance analysis by Monte Carlo simulation and CSP technique
7.5. Applications
7.6. Discussion
7.7. Bibliography
Chapter 8: Tolerance Analysis in Manufacturing Using the MMP, Comparison and Evaluation of Three Different Approaches
8.1. Introduction
8.2. MMP
8.3. Tolerance analysis and virtual gauge
8.4. Worst case searching
8.4.1. Optimization technique
8.4.1.1. Technique used in the solution
8.4.1.2. Solution strategy
8.4.1.3. Quality constraints
8.5. Combined approach
8.5.1. The combined approach functional elements
8.5.1.1. Surface deviation representation by SDT with intervals
8.5.1.2. Link representation by SDT with interval
8.5.1.3. Tolerance analysis with the combined approach
8.6. Monte Carlo simulation
8.7. Example and comparison
8.7.1. First section
8.7.1.1. Combined approach
8.7.1.2. Optimization techniques
8.7.1.3. Discussion
8.7.2. Second section
8.7.3. Discussion
8.8. Conclusion
8.9. Bibliography
PART II: Simulation of Assemblies
Chapter 9: A Chronological Framework for Virtual Sheet Metal Assembly Design
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. A generic product development process
9.1.2. Automotive sheet metal assembly
9.2. Proposed framework
9.2.1. Planning
9.2.2. Concept development
9.2.3. System-level design
9.2.4. Detail design
9.3. Summary and future work
9.4. Acknowledgments
9.5. Bibliography
Chapter 10: A Method to Optimize Geometric Quality and Motion Feasibility of Assembly Sequences
10.1. Introduction
10.1.1. Problem motivation
10.1.2. Related work
10.2. Modeling and algorithms
10.2.1. Modeling connections
10.2.2. Stability and variation analysis
10.2.3. Assembly sequences
10.2.4. Path planning
10.3. Assembly planning
10.4. Industrial test case
10.5. Conclusions and future work
10.6. Acknowledgments
10.7. Bibliography
Chapter 11: Modeling and Simulation of Assembly Constraints in Tolerance Analysis of Rigid Part Assemblies
11.1. Introduction
11.2. SVA-TOL methodology overview
11.3. Assembly constraint modeling
11.3.1. Fully-constrained assembly
11.3.1.1. "Against" joint modeling
11.3.1.2. "Fit" joint modeling
11.3.2. Over-constrained assembly
11.4. Case study one: assembly of two-part assembly
11.5. Case study two: industrial application
11.6. Conclusions
11.7. Bibliography
Chapter 12: Tolerance Analysis with Detailed Part Modeling
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Related work
12.3. The proposed modeling and analysis of toleranced assemblies
12.4. Simulation of non-ideal parts
12.5. Relative positioning
12.5.1. Defined objective functions
12.5.1.1. Binary collision detection
12.5.1.2. Distance function
12.5.2. Particle swarm optimization
12.5.3. Independence of the positioning steps
12.5.4. Parallelization
12.6. Analysis of the positioned assemblies
12.7. Example
12.8. Summary
12.9. Acknowledgements
12.10. Bibliography
Chapter 13: Assembly Method Comparison Including Form Defect
13.1. Introduction
13.1.1. Topic
13.1.2. Actual lack of CAD
13.1.3. State of the art and proposal
13.2. Geometric model for simulation
13.2.1. Part with form defects
13.2.2. Assembly process
13.2.3. Function for optimization
13.2.4. Constraints
13.3. Experimentation
13.3.1. Case study
13.3.2. Simulation setup
13.4. Result discussion
13.4.1. Case 1
13.4.2. Case 2
13.4.3. Case 3
13.4.4. Case 4
13.5. Summary
13.6. Bibliography
Chapter 14: Influence of Geometric Defects on Service Life
14.1. Introduction
14.1.1. Topic
14.1.2. Service life functional requirements
14.1.3. State of the art
14.2. Calculation methodology of contact pressure and orbital speed variation
14.2.1. Schedule of the methodology
14.2.2. Introduction of geometric defects in FEM
14.2.3. Model of geometric defect
14.3. Simulation
14.3.1. Studied case
14.3.2. Effect of the localization defect on orbital speed variation
14.3.3. Effect of the orientation defect on the contact load and orbital speed variation
14.3.4. Effect of the form defects and undulation on speed variation
14.4. Summary
14.5. Bibliography
Chapter 15: GapSpace Multi-dimensional Assembly Analysis
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Representing dimensions and tolerances
15.3. Geometric tolerances
15.4. Perfect form tolerance zones
15.5. Assembly tolerance specification
15.6. Floating assembly
15.7. Kinematic assembly
15.8. Manufacturing dimensioning schemes
15.9. The revised 2D tolerance chart
15.10. Parametric representation of the PF-tolerance zone of a CS-feature
15.11. Surfaces of revolution
15.12. Nominal dimensions of the CS
15.13. 1D constraining simplices
15.14. 2D constraining simplices
15.15. Case study
15.16. Conclusion
15.17. Acknowledgments
15.18. Bibliography
PART III: Measurement
Chapter 16: Impact of the Sampling Strategy on Geometrical Checking Uncertainties
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Geometrical verification and virtual gauges
16.2.1. Verification by virtual gauge without best fit
16.2.2. Verification with associated feature
16.2.3. Statistical point of view
16.3. Field of probability of the presence of matter
16.4. Virtual gauges
16.5. Interference probability map
16.5.1. Geometrical verification process
16.6. Experiment
16.6.1. Envelope zone specification
16.6.2. Perpendicularity specification
16.7. Conclusion
16.8. Bibliography
Chapter 17: Predetermination of Measurement Uncertainty in the Application of Computed Tomography
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Prior investigations
17.3. Measurements of user-controllable influences
17.4. Estimation of influences
17.5. Calculation of the task-specific measurement uncertainty according to GUM
17.6. Summary
17.7. Acknowledgments
17.8. Bibliography
Chapter 18: Application of Function Oriented Parameters for Areal Measurements in Surface Engineering
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Surface measurements
18.3. Functional parameters
18.3.1. 2D functional parameters from ISO 13565-2 [ISO 96]
18.3.2. 3D functional parameters
18.4. Characterization of the whole application
18.5. Case study: spreading liquid on metal su rfaces
18.5.1. Step 1: gathe ring informat ion
18.5.2. Step 2: model ing the syste m
18.5.3. Step 3: application of a functional test
18.5.4. Step 4: surface requirements
18.5.5. Step 5: measurement system
18.5.6. Step 6: functional parameters
18.6. Conclusions
18.7. Acknowledgments
18.8. Bibliography
Chapter 19: Validation of a Reception or Production Control Process by the Inertial Indicator IG
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Comparison of the "production controls" and "reception controls" approaches
19.3. Production bias and measure bias
19.4. Inertial capability
19.5. Inertia of the control process and inertia of the production process
19.5.1. Law of composition
19.5.2. Disturbances due to bias
19.5.3. Definition of the inertial "ndc"
19.6. Inertia of the control process and total customer inertia (control of reception)
19.7. Conclusions
19.8. Bibliography
Chapter 20: Detection of Areas with Critically Reduced Thickness of Formed Sheet Metal Parts Using Two Oppositely Positioned Fringe Projection Systems
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Methods
20.2.1. Measuring system and data fusion
20.2.2. Methods of data analysis
20.2.3. Algorithm for the calculation of minimal wall thicknesses
20.2.3.1. Input variables
20.2.3.2. Calculation algorithm - extraction of a minimal thickness value for certain measuring points
20.2.3.3. Calculation blocks
20.2.3.4. Creation of output variable
20.3. Visualization and discussion of results
20.4. Summary
20.5. Acknowledgments
20.6. Bibliography
Chapter 21: Variability of the Manufacturing Process in the GPS Framework: A Case Study
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Variability sources
21.2.1. Measurement uncertainty
21.2.2. Process variability
21.3. Simulations
21.3.1. Simulations with independent component analysis (ICA)
21.4. Simulation with seasonal trend decomposition (STL)
21.5. Summary
21.6. Bibliography
Chapter 22: Virtual CMM-based Sampling Strategy Optimization
22.1. Introduction
22.1.1. Conformance to geometric tolerances
22.1.2. Evaluating geometric error
22.1.3. Goals
22.2. State of the art
22.3. Proposed methodology
22.3.1. Evaluation of CM
22.3.2. Evaluation of CE
22.3.3. Evaluating the uncertainty: the virtual CMM
22.3.4. Cost function minimization
22.4. Case study
22.5. Conclusions
22.6. Acknowledgments
22.7. Bibliography
Chapter 23: Impact of Workpiece Shape Deviations in Coordinate Metrology
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Evaluation in coordinate metrology
23.3. The Jackknife
23.4. Application to CMM data
23.4.1. Resampling point clouds
23.4.2. Influence of single measurement points
23.4.3. Evaluation uncertainty
23.4.4. Example of use
23.5. Simulation
23.5.1. Simulation procedure
23.5.2. Simulation results
23.6. Summary and outlook
23.7. Bibliography
Chapter 24: Quality Assurance of Micro-gears via 3D Surface Characterization
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Test specimen and experimental equipment
24.3. 3D characteriza tion
24.3.1. Benefits of a 3D characterization
24.3.2. Approach
24.3.2.1. Step 1 - probing of exemplary tooth flanks
24.3.2.2. Step 2 - exemplary 3D modeling of tooth flank
24.3.2.3. Step 3 - derivation of characteristics and determination of the number of probing points
24.3.2.4. Step 4 - probing and 3D modeling of tooth flanks
24.3.2.5. Step 5 - matching micro-gears
24.4. Summary
24.5. Acknowledgments
24.6. Bibliography
PART IV: Tolerancing in the PLM
Chapter 25: Geometric Specification at the Beginning of the Product Lifecycle
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Study of the skeleton
25.2.1. Presentation of the models used
25.2.1.1. The torsor of small displacements
25.2.1.2. The graph of joints
25.2.2. Description of the mechanism and first simulations
25.2.2.1. Generating inequations from cycles of mountability
25.2.2.2. Generating inequations from cycles of requirement
25.2.3. Conclusion of the first step
25.3. Study of the functional surfaces
25.3.1. Presentation of the models used
25.3.1.1. Substitute surfaces
25.3.1.2. Deviation and Gap torsors
25.3.1.3. Graph of contacts
25.3.2. Details of the mechanism and second step of simulation
25.3.3. Conclusion of the second step
25.4. Specification
25.5. Conclusion
25.6. Bibliography
Chapter 26: Ontological Model of Tolerances for Interoperability in Product Lifecycle
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Ontology
26.2.1. Information modeling as an ontology
26.2.2. Choice of ontology language
26.3. Literature survey
26.4. Ontology of tolerances
26.5. Example of tolerance ontology instantiation
26.6. Summary
26.7. Bibliography
Chapter 27: A PLM-Based Multi-Sensor Integration Measurement System for Geometry Processing
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Sensor integration methodology
27.2.1. System framework
27.2.2. Physical integration of multiple sensors
27.2.3. Laser guide metrology
27.3. Ontology modeling in a PLM-context
27.3.1. Description of ontology modeling
27.3.2. Ontology modeling in Protégé
27.4. Geometry processing
27.4.1. Shape analysis based on the shape index and curvedness
27.4.2. Quality evaluation
27.5. Experiments validation
27.6. Conclusion
27.7. Acknowledgments
27.8. Bibliography
Chapter 28: Comparison of Gear Geometric Specification Models Regarding the Functional Aspect
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Specification models
28.3. Comparison method
28.3.1. Global approach
28.3.2. Geometric modeling
28.3.2.1. Substitution model (step 1)
28.3.2.2. Geometric model based on metrology (step 3)
28.3.3. Virtual meshing simulation
28.3.4. Virtual metrology
28.3.4.1. Geometric model of metrology
28.3.4.2. Estimation of deviations between the flanks
28.3.5. Evaluation of the kinematic characteristics
28.4. Criteria comparison
28.4.1. Objective
28.4.2. Example
28.4.3. Comparing the results
28.5. Conclusion
28.6. Bibliography
Chapter 29: Effects of Geometric Variation on Perceived Quality
29.1. Introduction
29.1.1. Types of robustness
29.1.2. The product experience
29.1.3. Perceived quality of non-nominal products
29.1.4. Design as a process of communication
29.2. A framework for describing visual robustness to geometric variation
29.2.1. Visual reference level
29.2.2. Optical level
29.2.3. Perception level
29.2.4. Response level
29.3. Visual fit complexity assessment method
29.4. Discussion and conclusions
29.5. Bibliography
Chapter 30: Geometric Requirement Variations Throughout the Product Lifecycle
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Literature review
30.2.1. Related standards
30.2.2. Related research
30.3. Definitions and concepts
30.3.1. Dimensions
30.3.2. Functional requirements
30.4. Functional requirements throughout lifecycle stages
30.4.1. General principles
30.4.2. Computational rules
30.4.2.1. From dimensions to functional requirement
30.4.2.2. From functional requirement to dimensions
30.4.2.3. Determination of acceptable operating conditions
30.5. Case study: a simple 1D crosshead guide
30.5.1. Hypothesis
30.5.1.1. Lifecycle
30.5.1.2. Geometry
30.5.1.3. Materials
30.5.1.4. Loads and behavior law
30.5.1.5. Functional requirements
30.5.1.6. Dimension chains
30.5.1.7. Implementation
30.5.2. Dimension driven calculation
30.5.2.1. Hypothesis
30.5.2.2. Calculations
30.5.2.3. Results
30.5.2.4. Conclusion
30.5.3. Functional requirement driven calculation
30.5.3.1. Hypothesis
30.5.3.2. Calculations
30.5.3.3. Results
30.5.3.4. Conclusion
30.5.4. Geometry driven calculation
30.5.4.1. Hypothesis
30.5.4.2. Calculations
30.5.4.3. Results
30.5.4.4. Conclusion
30.6. Conclusion and perspectives
30.6.1. High level management of functional requirements
30.6.2. Further work
30.7. Acknowledgments
30.8. Bibliography
List of Authors
Index

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