
Arbitration in Argentina
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Inhalt
- Intro
- Half-Title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Editor
- Contributors
- Summary of Contents
- Table of Contents
- Foreword
- Part I Commercial Arbitration
- Chapter 1 The Legal Framework of Arbitration in Argentina
- §1.01 INTRODUCTION
- §1.02 OVERVIEW OF THE ARGENTINE LEGAL SYSTEM
- §1.03 DOMESTIC ARBITRATION
- [A] Local Codes of Civil and Commercial Procedure
- [B] Arbitration under the National Civil and Commercial Code
- §1.04 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
- [A] International Arbitration Law of 2018: Adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law
- [B] Differences Between the ICAL and the UML
- §1.05 INSTITUTIONAL ARBITRATION IN ARGENTINA
- §1.06 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES GOVERNING ARBITRATION
- [A] The 1958 NYC
- [B] The 1979 Foreign Judgments Montevideo Convention
- [C] The 1975 Panama Convention
- [D] The 1998 Mercosur Arbitration Agreement and 1992 Las Leñas Protocol
- [E] Investment Law and Investor-State Arbitration
- CHAPTER 2 Arbitration Agreements: The Argentine Perspective
- §2.01 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS UNDERLYING THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
- [A] The Significance in Arbitration
- [B] Related Concepts: Arbitration Clause, Arbitration Agreement, and Submission Agreement
- [C] The Effects of the Arbitration Agreement
- [1] Negative Effect: Blocking Court Jurisdiction
- [2] Positive Effect: The 'Submission Agreement'
- §2.02 THE LAW APPLICABLE TO THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
- [A] Appropriate Law Governing the Arbitration Agreement
- [1] The Model Law
- [2] The New York Convention
- [B] Argentine Sources of Law Governing the Arbitration Agreement
- [1] Contextual Framework
- [2] National Code of Civil and Commercial Procedure
- [3] The Federal Civil and Commercial Code
- [4] Arbitral Jurisdiction in the CP and the NCCC
- [5] Argentine ICAL
- §2.03 SUBSTANTIVE PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT IN ARGENTINA
- [A] Autonomy of the Arbitration Clause and Kompetenz-Kompetenz
- [B] Pro-arbitration Approach to Interpretation
- §2.04 THE VALIDITY REQUIREMENTS OF THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
- [A] Consent
- [B] Capacity of the Parties
- [C] The 'In Writing' Requirement
- [D] A Defined Legal Relationship
- [E] Arbitrability
- §2.05 ADDITIONAL RELEVANT MATTERS
- [A] Confidentiality
- [B] The Seat of the Arbitration
- [C] The Language of the Arbitration
- §2.06 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 3 Arbitrability of Substantive Disputes
- §3.01 INTRODUCTION
- §3.02 APPLICABLE LAW TO ARBITRABILITY
- [A] Domestic Arbitration
- [B] International Commercial Arbitration
- §3.03 NON-ARBITRABLE DISPUTES
- [A] Subjective Arbitrability
- [B] Objective Arbitrability (Non-arbitrable Matters)
- [1] Non-arbitrable Matters Expressly Established by Law
- [a] Disputes Regarding Civil Status or Capacity of Persons and Family Matters
- [b] Disputes Related to Rights of Users and Consumers
- [c] Adhesion Contracts
- [d] Disputes Related to Labour Relations
- [2] Matter Where Public Order Is at Stake
- [3] Matters Submitted to Argentine Courts Exclusive Jurisdiction
- [4] Special Cases
- [a] Disputes Involving an Insolvent Party
- [b] Corporate Governance Disputes
- [c] Disputes Related to the Constitutionality of Laws
- [d] Environmental Disputes
- §3.04 ARBITRATION WITH A STATE PARTY
- §3.05 LEGAL EFFECTS OF NON-ARBITRABILITY
- §3.06 TRENDS
- CHAPTER 4 Parties to the Arbitration Agreement
- §4.01 INTRODUCTION
- §4.02 LAW GOVERNING THE PARTIES TO THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
- [A] Capacity of the Parties
- [B] Overview of Capacity Practical Issues under Argentine Law
- §4.03 PARTIES TO THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
- §4.04 NON-SIGNATORIES OF THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
- [A] A Comparative Perspective
- [B] Non-signatories under the Argentine Lens
- [1] The Importance of the Competence-Competence Principle
- [2] Weighing the Theories of Non-signatories in Argentina
- [a] Guarantee
- [b] The Arbitration Agreement Through the Guarantor's Glasses
- [3] Universal Successions
- [4] Mergers, Acquisitions and Arbitration
- [5] Agency or Brokerage
- [6] Lifting the Corporate Veil under Argentine Law: How It Impacts Arbitration
- [7] Group of Companies and Arbitration
- §4.05 MULTIPARTY
- §4.06 ENFORCEMENT ISSUES
- §4.07 CONCLUSIONS
- CHAPTER 5 Composition of the Arbitral Tribunal
- §5.01 INTRODUCTION
- §5.02 SELECTION OF ARBITRATORS
- [A] Party Autonomy
- [B] The Default Procedure
- [C] Number of Arbitrators
- [D] Criteria for Selecting Arbitrators
- [E] Qualifications of Arbitrators
- §5.03 RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF ARBITRATORS
- §5.04 CHALLENGE OF ARBITRATORS
- [A] Grounds for Challenge
- [B] Opportunity to Challenge Arbitrators
- [C] Procedure, Standard of Proof and Decision on Challenge
- [D] Effect of a Successful Challenge on the Arbitral Process
- Chapter 6 Issues of Jurisdiction in Argentina
- §6.01 INTRODUCTION
- §6.02 THE DISTINCT LEGAL FRAMEWORK
- §6.03 COMPETENCE-COMPETENCE
- §6.04 SEPARABILITY
- §6.05 THE TIMING OF THE JURISDICTIONAL OBJECTION
- §6.06 THE DECISION ON JURISDICTION
- §6.07 CONCLUSION
- CHAPTER 7 The Conduct of the Proceedings
- §7.01 INTRODUCTION
- [A] The Arbitral Procedure and the ICAL
- [B] Arbitration as a Contract and as a Procedure
- [C] The General Features and Sources of Arbitral Proceedings
- §7.02 POWERS AND LIMITATIONS CONCERNING RULES OF PROCEDURE
- [A] The Ways of Agreeing on the Procedure, and Its Effects
- [B] Due Process as a Limitation to Procedural Flexibility
- §7.03 THE INSTITUTION OF THE PROCEEDINGS AND THE MAIN PROCEDURAL STEPS
- [A] The Commencement of the Proceedings and the Steps Establishing the Parties' Claims
- [B] The Organizational Conference
- [C] The Evidentiary Phase of the Proceedings
- [1] The Burden of Proof
- [2] Hearings
- [3] General Rules on Evidence
- [4] IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration
- §7.04 THE TAKING OF EVIDENCE IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
- [A] Witness Testimony
- [B] Expert Evidence
- [C] Documentary Evidence
- [D] Court Assistance in Taking Evidence
- §7.05 THE IMPROPER CONDUCT OF THE PROCEEDINGS MAY HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE VALIDITY OR ENFORCEABILITY OF THE AWARD
- §7.06 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 8 Interim Measures in Arbitration under Argentine Law
- §8.01 INTRODUCTION
- §8.02 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTERIM MEASURES IN ARBITRATION UNDER ARGENTINE LAW
- §8.03 DOMESTIC ARBITRATION
- [A] Legal Framework
- [B] Interim Measures in Domestic Arbitration
- [C] Type of Interim Measures and Their Standard of Proof
- §8.04 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
- [A] Legal Sources of Regulation for Interim Measures
- [B] Interim Measures under the ICAL
- [1] Standard of Interpretation of the ICAL
- [2] Interim Measures
- [3] Preliminary Orders
- [4] Common Provisions Applicable to Both Interim Measures and Preliminary Orders
- [5] Recognition and Enforcement of Interim Measures
- [6] Concurrent Jurisdiction over Interim Measures
- [C] Preliminary Measures under the Mercosur Agreement
- §8.05 EMERGENCY ARBITRATOR
- CHAPTER 9 Confidentiality of Arbitration in Argentina
- §9.01 INTRODUCTION
- §9.02 LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN ARGENTINA
- [A] Legislation on Arbitration
- [B] Institutional Arbitration Rules
- §9.03 APPROACH TO CONFIDENTIALITY IN ARGENTINA
- [A] Personal Scope of the Duty of Confidentiality
- [1] Parties
- [2] Arbitrators
- [3] Legal Counsel
- [4] Arbitral Institutions
- [5] Other Actors
- [B] Material Scope of the Duty of Confidentiality
- [1] Existence of the Arbitral Proceedings
- [2] Confidentiality of the Arbitral Proceedings
- [3] Confidentiality of the Award
- [C] Exceptions to the Duty of Confidentiality
- §9.04 BREACH OF THE DUTY OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND AVAILABLE REMEDIES
- [A] Breach by the Parties
- [B] Breach by Arbitrators
- [C] Breaches by Legal Counsel
- [D] Breaches by Other Actors
- §9.05 CONFIDENTIALITY IN INVESTOR-STATE ARBITRATION
- §9.06 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- CHAPTER 10 Law Applicable to the Merits
- §10.01 INTRODUCTION
- §10.02 THE PARTIES' POWER TO CHOOSE THE APPLICABLE SUBSTANTIVE LAW
- §10.03 LIMITS ON THE PARTIES' CHOICE OF LAW: OVERRIDING MANDATORY LAWS AND INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC POLICY
- §10.04 AMIABLE COMPOSITION AND EX AEQUO ET BONO
- §10.05 THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL'S POWER TO DETERMINE THE APPLICABLE RULES OF LAWS WHEN THE PARTIES HAVE NOT CHOSEN ANY APPLICABLE LAW
- §10.06 THE REVIEW OF THE LAW APPLIED BY THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL IN ANNULMENT ACTIONS
- [A] The Review of the Law Applied by the Arbitral Tribunal under Article 99(a)(iii) of ICAL ('Excess of Power' or 'Excess of Authority')
- [B] The Power of the Arbitral Tribunal to Independently Develop Its Own Legal Reasoning (Iura Novit Curia)
- §10.07 CONCLUSION
- CHAPTER 11 Arbitral Awards
- §11.01 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
- [A] Law Applicable to Arbitral Awards
- [1] The International Character
- [2] The Commercial Character
- [3] Partial Conclusion
- [B] International Treaties Governing Arbitral Awards
- §11.02 LAW APPLICABLE TO THE MERITS OF THE DISPUTE
- §11.03 EX AEQUO ET BONO DECISIONS
- [A] Awards Encompassed by the Concept of ex Aequo et Bono
- [B] Authorization to Rule ex Aequo et Bono
- [C] 'Reasoned Award' Requirement in ex Aequo et Bono Arbitrations
- [1] Must Awards ex Aequo et Bono Be Reasoned?
- [2] When Is an Award ex Aequo et Bono Reasoned?
- §11.04 DELIBERATIONS, CONTENT AND FORM OF THE AWARD
- [A] Deliberations
- [B] Majorities
- [C] Content and 'Reasoned Award' Requirement
- [D] Form
- §11.05 PARTIAL AND SETTLEMENT AWARDS
- §11.06 REMEDIES
- [A] Challenges Against Arbitral Awards in Domestic Arbitrations
- [B] Challenges Against Arbitral Awards in International Arbitrations
- [C] Time Limit to Submit Challenges Against Arbitral Awards
- [D] Case Law on Grounds for Challenging Arbitral Awards
- §11.07 EFFECTS OF THE AWARD
- [A] Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal
- [B] Binding Effect of the Award
- [C] Res Judicata
- §11.08 CORRECTION, INTERPRETATION AND ADDITIONAL AWARD
- [A] Correction and Interpretation
- [B] Additional Award
- §11.09 CONCLUDING REMARKS
- CHAPTER 12 Costs in Arbitration
- §12.01 INTRODUCTION
- §12.02 LEGAL FEES AGREEMENTS
- §12.03 ALLOCATION AND DETERMINATION OF COSTS
- §12.04 COSTS ORDERS AS SANCTIONS
- §12.05 ADVANCE ON COSTS AND SECURITY FOR COSTS
- §12.06 FINANCING OF COSTS, THIRD-PARTY FUNDING IN ARGENTINA
- §12.07 CONCLUSIONS
- CHAPTER 13 Recourse Against Award
- §13.01 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
- §13.02 RECOURSE AGAINST AWARDS RENDERED IN DOMESTIC ARBITRATION
- [A] Procedural Codes
- [1] Arbitration in Law
- [a] Appeal
- [b] Annulment
- [i] Essential Procedural Violation
- [ii] Award Issued After a Deadline
- [iii] A Matter Not Submitted to Arbitration
- [iv] Inconsistent Decisions in the Dispositive Part
- [2] Arbitration in Equity
- [B] The Cartellone Case
- [C] Civil and Commercial Code
- [D] The Procedure
- [1] Arbitration in Law
- [2] Arbitration in Equity
- [3] Court Tax
- §13.03 RECOURSE AGAINST AWARDS ISSUED IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
- [A] Application for Setting Aside
- [1] Incapacity or Capacity Restriction
- [2] Invalidity of the Arbitration Agreement
- [3] Inability of a Party to Present Its Case
- [4] Matters Not Submitted to Arbitration
- [5] Failure to Comply with the Arbitral Proceeding
- [6] Non-arbitrability
- [7] Public Policy
- [B] Procedure
- [C] Court Tax
- Chapter 14 Recognition and Enforcement of Awards
- §14.01 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
- [A] International Treaties
- [B] Domestic Laws
- §14.02 ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS ISSUED IN LOCAL ARBITRATIONS
- §14.03 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARD ISSUED IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATIONS
- [A] Mandatory Character
- [B] Procedure
- [1] Jurisdiction
- [2] Competent Court
- [3] Court Tax
- [4] Formal Requirements
- [a] Original or Certified Copy
- [b] Translation
- [5] Proceedings Before the Court
- [6] Suspension Pending a Challenge to the Award
- [7] Security
- [C] Grounds for Refusing Recognition and Enforcement
- [1] Incapacity or Capacity Restriction
- [2] Invalidity of the Arbitration Agreement
- [3] Inability of a Party to Present Its Case
- [4] Matters Not Submitted to Arbitration
- [5] Failure to Comply with the Agreed Procedures
- [6] Non-Binding, Set-Aside or Suspension of the Award
- [7] Non-arbitrability
- [8] Public Policy
- §14.04 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT AGAINST THE FEDERAL STATE
- §14.05 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT AGAINST FOREIGN STATES
- §14.06 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ICSID AWARDS
- Part II Arbitration of Specific Disputes
- CHAPTER 15 Arbitration of Energy Disputes in Argentina
- §15.01 INTRODUCTION
- §15.02 ENERGY REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN ARGENTINA
- [A] Oil & Gas
- [1] Upstream
- [2] Midstream
- [3] Downstream
- [B] Electricity
- [C] Renewable Energies
- §15.03 COMMERCIAL ENERGY DISPUTES IN ARGENTINA
- [A] Gas Supply Disputes
- [1] Disputes Involving Gas Supply Failures
- [2] Gas Processing Disputes
- [B] Disputes Regarding Gas Transportation
- [C] JOAs Disputes
- [D] Energy Construction Disputes
- [E] Renewable Energy Disputes
- §15.04 ENERGY INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTES
- [A] Expropriation
- [B] Breaches of FET Standard
- [C] Breaches of Stabilization Clauses
- §15.05 RECURRENT PROCEDURAL ISSUES IN ENERGY ARBITRATION
- [A] Using Multi-Tiered Dispute Resolution Clauses in the Energy Industry
- [B] Selection of Arbitrators
- [C] Role of Experts in Energy Disputes
- [1] Expert Evidence and Examination
- [2] Expert Determination
- CHAPTER 16 Sports Arbitration in Argentina
- §16.01 INTRODUCTION
- §16.02 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORTS ARBITRATION IN ARGENTINA
- §16.03 ARBITRATION OF DOMESTIC SPORTS ARBITRATION IN ARGENTINA: ARBITRATION IN FOOTBALL
- [A] Background
- [B] Arbitration under the Current Football Regulation
- §16.04 THE ARBITRATION TRIBUNAL OF THE LASLA
- §16.05 THE ANTI-DOPING DISCIPLINARY REGIME IN ARGENTINA
- [A] Anti-doping Controls in National Competitions
- [B] Positive Doping Results and Suspensions
- [C] The Proceedings Before the National Disciplinary Anti-doping Tribunal
- [D] The Appeal to the Anti-doping Arbitration Tribunal
- §16.06 THE CAS: A BRIEF OVERVIEW
- [A] Origins, Mission and Structure
- [B] Disputes Before the CAS
- [C] Recognition and Enforcement in Argentine of CAS Arbitration Awards
- §16.07 CONCLUSIONS
- CHAPTER 17 Consumer Arbitration in Argentina
- §17.01 INTRODUCTION
- §17.02 CONSUMER ARBITRATION LAW IN ARGENTINA
- [A] Special Regulation
- [B] The National Civil and Commercial Code
- §17.03 THE CHARACTER OF CONSUMER ARBITRATION UNDER THE NSCA: ADMINISTRATIVE OR JURISDICTIONAL?
- §17.04 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NSCA
- [A] The NSCA
- [B] Consent to Arbitrate
- [C] The Proceedings
- [D] The Arbitral Tribunal
- [1] Roster of Arbitrators
- [2] Composition of Arbitral Tribunals
- [E] Competence-Competence Principle
- [F] Speed
- [G] Costs
- [H] Confidentiality
- [I] The Arbitral Award
- [1] Making of the Award
- [2] Legal Effects and Challenges
- [3] Enforcement of the Award
- §17.05 CONSUMER ARBITRATION IN TOURISM
- §17.06 ONLINE ARBITRATION
- §17.07 CONCLUSION
- CHAPTER 18 MERCOSUR Arbitration
- §18.01 THE MERCOSUR
- §18.02 DISPUTE RESOLUTION BETWEEN MEMBER STATES
- [A] Direct Negotiations
- [B] Consultations with the CMG
- [C] Ad Hoc Arbitration
- [D] The Permanent Review Tribunal
- [1] The Permanent Review Tribunal's Main Features
- [2] The Structure of the Permanent Review Tribunal
- [3] The Permanent Review Tribunal's Advisory Opinions
- §18.03 DISPUTE RESOLUTION BETWEEN MEMBER STATES AND PRIVATE PARTIES
- [A] The Brasilia's Protocol
- [B] The Ouro Preto's Protocol
- [C] The Olivo's Protocol
- §18.04 DISPUTE RESOLUTION BETWEEN PRIVATE PARTIES
- §18.05 THE INTRA-MERCOSUR INVESTMENT FACILITATION PROTOCOL
- §18.06 ARGENTINEAN EXPERIENCES BEFORE THE PERMANENT REVIEW TRIBUNAL
- [A] Award No. 02/2006
- [B] Resolution No. 3/2019
- §18.07 CONCLUSION
- CHAPTER 19 ICC Arbitration in Argentina
- §19.01 INTRODUCTION
- §19.02 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- [A] Argentina's Footprint on the 1922 ICC Arbitration Rules
- [B] Establishment of a National Committee for Argentina
- [C] Early ICC Cases in Argentine
- §19.03 THE ICC AND ARGENTINA TODAY
- [A] The Court and the Secretariat's Organization
- [B] Recent Arbitration Rules and Policies
- [C] Recent Experience with Argentina
- [1] Parties from Argentina
- [2] Place of Arbitration in Argentina
- [3] Arbitrators from Argentina
- §19.04 CONCLUSION
- CHAPTER 20 Argentina and the Permanent Court of Arbitration: The Past, Present and Future of Arbitration Involving the State and State Entities on the Río de la Plata
- §20.01 INTRODUCTION
- §20.02 ARGENTINA'S INTER-STATE ARBITRATIONS: WHOSE LINE IS IT ANYWAY?
- [A] The Hayes Award (Argentina/Paraguay)
- [B] The Cleveland Award (Argentina/Brazil)
- [C] The Puna de Atacama Dispute (Argentina/Chile)
- [D] The Cordillera de los Andes Boundary Case (Argentina/Chile) [1902]
- §20.03 ARGENTINA AND THE PCA
- [A] History of the PCA
- [B] Argentina's Participation in the Second Peace Conference and Its Accession to the 1899 Hague Convention
- [C] Structure of the PCA
- [D] Evolution of the PCA
- [E] The PCA Today
- [F] The 2012 PCA Rules
- [G] Argentina's Instruments Referring to the PCA
- [1] General Arbitration Treaties
- [2] Argentina's BITs
- [3] Argentina's Model State Contracts
- §20.04 ENTIDAD BINACIONAL YACYRET V. ERIDAY: WHAT THE WATER LEFT BEHIND
- §20.05 AESU, SULGAS, AND TGM V. YPF: FROM URUGUAY WITH LOVE
- [A] The Contract and Its Arbitration Agreement
- [B] The Dispute and the Resulting ICC Arbitration
- [C] Proceedings Before Uruguayan Courts
- [D] Proceedings Before Argentine Courts
- [E] The Final Award and the Subsequent Settlement
- [F] Concluding Remarks
- §20.06 PROPYME V. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT: BACK TO BASICS
- §20.07 DISPUTES UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE PCA INVOLVING ARGENTINA
- [A] ARA Libertad (Argentina v. Ghana)
- [B] ICS v. Argentina
- [C] Disputes Involving Argentina in Which the PCA Secretary General Was Asked to Decide a Challenge
- §20.08 ARGENTINA'S HOST COUNTRY AGREEMENT WITH THE PCA
- §20.09 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST PCA OFFICE IN LATIN AMERICA
- [A] The PCA's Permanent Presence in Four Continents
- [B] The PCA and Latin America
- [C] Latin American State Model Contracts and Arbitration Laws Referring to the PCA
- [D] The PCA's Permanent Office in the Palacio San Martín
- §20.10 CONCLUSION
- Part III Investor-State Arbitration
- Chapter 21 Investor-State Dispute Settlement in Argentina
- §21.01 INTRODUCTION
- §21.02 INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE ERA OF THE CALVO DOCTRINE
- [A] Interpretation and Application of the Calvo Doctrine by Argentine Authorities
- [B] Argentina's Departure from the Calvo Doctrine
- §21.03 ARGENTINA'S ENTRY INTO THE ICSID DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
- §21.04 INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE ERA OF THE FIRST-GENERATION ARGENTINE BITS
- §21.05 INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE NEW ERA OF ARGENTINE BITS
- §21.06 INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN THE ERA OF ARGENTINE PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS
- §21.07 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 22 Jurisdiction and Admissibility Questions in Investment Arbitration: The Argentine Experience
- §22.01 INTRODUCTION
- §22.02 UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS OF JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY
- [A] The Boundaries Between Jurisdiction and Admissibility
- [B] The Categorization of Pre-arbitration Requirements
- §22.03 ADMISSIBILITY QUESTIONS: PRE-ARBITRATION REQUIREMENTS
- [A] Amicable Consultations
- [B] Local Litigation
- [1] Bypassing the Local Litigation Requirement
- [a] Bypassing Local Litigation Through the MFN Clause
- [b] Futility in Litigating Locally
- [2] Complying with the Local Litigation Requirement
- [a] Relevant Time Period to Fulfil the Litigation Requirement
- [b] Link Between the Local Litigation and the Arbitration
- §22.04 JURISDICTIONAL QUESTIONS
- [A] Shareholder Claims
- [B] Ratione materiae Questions
- [1] The Salini Criteria under the ICSID Convention
- [2] Sovereign Bonds as Protected Investments
- [C] Other Jurisdictional Issues
- [1] Dispute Arising Directly from an Investment under the ICSID Convention
- [2] The Nature of Contract-related Claims
- [3] Forum Selection
- [4] Fork in the Road
- §22.05 MASS CLAIMS
- [A] Consent to This Special Type of Claim
- [B] Procedural Management
- §22.06 CONCLUSIONS
- Chapter 23 Discrimination and Arbitrary Governmental Measures According to International Law: The Argentine Cases
- §23.01 INTRODUCTION
- §23.02 CONTRACT UNDERTAKINGS, DOMESTIC POLICIES AND LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS IN AN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE TO DEFINE ARBITRARY AND DISCRIMINATORY MEASURES
- §23.03 ARBITRARY MEASURES AND THEIR TIME EXTENSION DETERMINE THE CIRCLE OF DAMAGE CAUSATION AND ENSUING COMPENSATION
- §23.04 ARBITRARY MEASURES DISGUISED UNDER THE PRIOR DOMESTIC LAW REVIEW AND JURISDICTION
- §23.05 THE UNCONSCIONABLE FRUSTRATION OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS, IRRESPECTIVE OF EVENTUAL CONTRACT PROVISIONS
- §23.06 THE COLLAPSING OF BIT PROTECTION TO ARBITRARY MEASURES AT THE LEVEL OF THE SHAREHOLDER, AN IMPERMISSIBLE EXCUSE
- §23.07 THE MULTIPLE APPROACH TO EXAMINE ARBITRARY AND DISCRIMINATORY MEASURES AND THE DISCLAIMER BASED ON EMERGENCY OR PUBLIC ESSENTIAL INTERESTS
- §23.08 THE ARBITRARY AND DISCRIMINATORY NATURE OF POLICIES CONSIDERED AS A WHOLE AND THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF A SERIES OF MEASURES
- §23.09 RENEGOTIATION, NO EXCUSE
- §23.10 THE EXCUSE FROM INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY BASED ON THE JUSTIFICATION OF A GENERAL POLICY TO REDRESS A CRITICAL SITUATION
- Chapter 24 Opening the Umbrella: How the Argentine Economic Crisis Cases Shaped the Modern Umbrella Clause
- §24.01 INTRODUCTION
- §24.02 HISTORY OF THE UMBRELLA CLAUSE
- [A] SGS v. Pakistan
- [B] SGS v. Philippines
- §24.03 THE ARGENTINE ECONOMIC CRISIS
- §24.04 THE (ARGENTINA) UMBRELLA-CLAUSE CASES
- [A] The Sovereign/ Commercial Distinction: The "Middle Approach"
- [B] Consensual Obligations Versus Unilateral Acts
- [C] Privity: A Prerequisite for an Umbrella Clause Protection?
- §24.05 ARGENTINA'S POST-ICSID EXPERIENCE AND CURRENT TRENDS WITH UMBRELLA CLAUSES
- Chapter 25 The Most-Favoured-Nation Clause Applied to Establish ICSID Jurisdiction in Argentine Investment Cases
- §25.01 INTRODUCTION
- §25.02 SCOPE OF APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION OF MFN CLAUSES
- [A] General Remarks
- [B] The Debate on the Scope of the MFN Clause in ICSID Jurisprudence
- §25.03 THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE SAME MFN CLAUSE WHICH LED ICSID TRIBUNALS TO DIFFERENT OUTCOMES
- [A] The Siemens v. Argentina Decision
- [B] The Wintershall v. Argentina Decision
- §25.04 SUBSEQUENT DECISIONS ON MFN CLAUSES IN ICSID CASES WHICH INVOLVED ARGENTINA
- [A] ICSID Decisions Which Did Extend the MFN Clause to Dispute Settlement
- [B] ICSID Decision Which Did Not Extend the MFN Clause to Dispute Settlement
- §25.05 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 26 Fair and Equitable Treatment under BITs with Argentina
- §26.01 INTRODUCTION
- §26.02 FET PROVISIONS IN ARGENTINA'S BITS
- §26.03 ARGENTINA'S INTERPRETATION OF THE FET PROVISIONS IN THE ARGENTINE CASES
- [A] FET Demands to Comply Only with the MST
- [B] Contractual Disputes Cannot Lead to FET Violations
- [C] FET Provisions Cannot Be Equated to Stabilization Clauses
- [D] FET Cannot Repair the Investor's Own Failures Nor Protect It If It Acted in Bad Faith
- [E] Defences Based on Necessity under Treaty Provisions and Customary International Law
- §26.04 THE FET STANDARD IN THE ARGENTINE CASES
- [A] The Cases Before the 2001 Economic Crisis
- [1] Vivendi
- [2] Enron and CMS
- [3] Azurix
- [4] Siemens
- [B] Cases That Arose Out of the 2001 Economic Crisis
- [1] Cases Concerning Public Utilities
- [a] The Tribunals' Findings Regarding the MST
- [b] The Tribunals' Findings Regarding the Content of the FET Standard
- [c] The Tribunals' Application of the FET Standard to the Facts
- [2] Cases Concerning Investments in the Energy Sector
- [a] The Tribunals' Findings Regarding the MST
- [b] The Tribunals' Findings Regarding the Content of the FET Standard
- [c] The Tribunals' Application of the FET Standard to the Facts
- [3] Cases Concerning Investments in Other Industries
- [a] Metalpar v. Argentina
- [b] Continental v. Argentina
- [c] Hochtief v. Argentina
- [C] The Latest Cases Unrelated to the 2001 Economic Crisis
- [1] Teinver v. Argentina
- §26.05 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
- Chapter 27 Full Protection and Security
- §27.01 INTRODUCTION
- §27.02 FPS PROTECTION IN THE TREATY NETWORK
- §27.03 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FPS AND FET
- §27.04 THE FINDINGS ON FPS LIABILITY
- §27.05 CONCLUSIONS
- Chapter 28 Human Rights and Foreign Investment Arbitration
- §28.01 INTRODUCTION
- §28.02 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT ARBITRATION
- [A] International Human Rights Law as Applicable Law in Investment Arbitration
- [B] Allegations Regarding International Human Rights Law During Arbitral Proceedings
- §28.03 FOREIGN INVESTMENT ARBITRATION AGAINST ARGENTINA
- §28.04 ARGENTINA'S ARGUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
- [A] Interpretation of BITs and Human Rights
- [B] The Clash of Human Rights and Investment Obligations
- [C] The Investors' Violations of Human Rights
- §28.05 CONCLUSIONS
- Chapter 29 The Plea of Necessity in Investment Law: The Legacy of the 2001 Argentine Crisis
- §29.01 INTRODUCTION
- §29.02 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE ARGENTINE CRISIS OF 2001
- §29.03 THE NECESSITY DEFENCE ASSERTED BY ARGENTINA
- [A] Treaty Clauses Barring Discriminatory Treatment in Emergency Situations
- [B] The Non-precluded Measures Defence (Article XI of the US-Argentina BIT)
- [C] State of Necessity under Customary International Law (Article 25 of the ILC Articles)
- §29.04 KEY CONCLUSIONS OF THE TRIBUNALS THAT ANALYSED THE STATE OF NECESSITY DEFENCE
- [A] The Relationship Between the Non-precluded Measures Clause of the US-Argentina BIT and the State of Necessity Defence under Customary International Law
- [1] CMS, Sempra and Enron
- [2] LG&E
- [3] CMS Decision on Annulment
- [4] Continental Casualty
- [5] Subsequent Decisions
- [B] The 2001 Argentine Crisis as a State of Necessity
- [C] The 'Only Way/Means' Requirement
- [D] The Non-self-judging Nature of the Necessity Defence
- [E] The Non-contribution Requirement
- §29.05 CONCLUSIONS
- Chapter 30 The Rare Breach of an Expropriation Provision: Argentina at ICSID
- §30.01 INTRODUCTION
- §30.02 BIT PROVISIONS
- §30.03 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS OF EXPROPRIATION IN CASES AGAINST ARGENTINA
- [A] Vivendi (II)
- [B] Siemens
- [C] Saur
- [D] Teinver
- §30.04 ANALYSIS OF THE DECISIONS
- §30.05 OTHER RELEVANT FINDINGS IN RELATION TO EXPROPRIATION
- §30.06 CONCLUSION
- Chapter 31 Annulment, Recognition, and Enforcement of Awards in Investor-State Arbitrations Involving Argentina
- §31.01 INTRODUCTION
- §31.02 ANNULMENT OF AWARDS IN INVESTOR-STATE ARBITRATIONS INVOLVING ARGENTINA
- [A] Annulment of Awards in ICSID Arbitration
- [1] Applicable Legal Framework
- [2] Cases Involving Argentina
- [B] Annulment of Awards in Non-ICSID Cases
- [1] Applicable Legal Framework
- [2] Cases Involving Argentina
- §31.03 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS IN INVESTOR-STATE ARBITRATIONS INVOLVING ARGENTINA
- [A] Recognition and Enforcement of Awards in ICSID Arbitration
- [1] Applicable Legal Framework
- [2] Cases Involving Argentina
- [B] Recognition and Enforcement of Awards in Non-ICSID Arbitration
- [1] Applicable Legal Framework
- [2] Cases Involving Argentina
- §31.04 CONCLUSION
- Annex I ICSID Annulment Cases Involving Argentina
- Index
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