Mobile Broadband Communications for Public Safety
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Inhalt
Preface ix
List of Abbreviations xiii
1 Public Protection and Disaster Relief Communications 1
1.1 Background and Terminology 1
1.2 PPDR Functions and Organizations 3
1.3 Operational Framework and Communications Needs for PPDR 6
1.3.1 Operational Scenarios 7
1.3.2 Framework for PPDR Operations 9
1.3.3 Communications' Reference Points in PPDR Operations 12
1.3.4 Communications Services Needed for PPDR Operations 16
1.4 Communications Systems for PPDR 19
1.4.1 General PPDR Requirements on Communications Systems 19
1.4.2 Technologies in Use for PPDR Communications 22
1.4.3 Current NB PMR Standards Used in PPDR 23
1.4.4 Main Limitations with Today's PPDR Communications Systems 32
1.5 Regulatory and Standardization Framework 39
1.5.1 ITU Work on Emergency Communications 40
1.5.2 North and Latin America Regions 43
1.5.3 Asia and Pacific Region 44
1.5.4 Europe Region 45
References 47
2 Mobile Broadband Data Applications and Capacity Needs 49
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Data?]Centric, Multimedia Applications for PPDR 51
2.2.1 Video Transmission 51
2.2.2 Geographic Information Systems 54
2.2.3 Location and Tracking 55
2.2.4 Electronic Conferencing and Coordination Tools for Incident Command 56
2.2.5 Remote Database Access and Information Transfer Applications 56
2.2.6 PPDR Personnel Monitoring and Biomedical Telemetry 57
2.2.7 Remote Emergency Medical Services 58
2.2.8 Sensors and Remotely Controlled Devices 58
2.2.9 Mobile Office 59
2.3 Characterization of Broadband Data Applications for PPDR 59
2.4 Assessment of the Data Capacity Needs in Various Operational Scenarios 66
2.4.1 Throughput Requirements of PPDR Applications 66
2.4.2 Day?]to?]Day Operations Scenarios 71
2.4.3 Large Emergency/Public Events 73
2.4.4 Disaster Scenarios 76
References 80
3 Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications Systems 81
3.1 Paradigm Change for the Delivery of PPDR Broadband Communications 81
3.2 Techno?]economic Aspects Driving the Paradigm Change 83
3.2.1 Technology Dimension 84
3.2.2 Network Dimension 87
3.2.3 Spectrum Dimension 98
3.3 System View of Future Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 101
3.3.1 LTE Dedicated Networks 103
3.3.2 LTE Commercial Networks 104
3.3.3 Legacy PMR/LMR Networks 104
3.3.4 Transportable Systems and Satellite Communications 105
3.3.5 IP?]Based Interconnection Backbones 106
3.3.6 Applications and User Equipment 106
3.3.7 Spectrum 108
3.4 Current Initiatives 109
3.4.1 Deployment of a Nationwide Dedicated LTE Broadband Network in the United States 110
3.4.2 CEPT ECC Activities for a European?]Wide Harmonization of Broadband PPDR 113
3.4.3 Hybrid Approaches Taking Off in Belgium and Some Other European Countries 114
3.4.4 LTE Emergency Services Network in the United Kingdom 118
3.4.5 TCCA 119
References 121
4 LTE Technology for PPDR Communications 125
4.1 Standardization Roadmap towards Mission?]Critical LTE 125
4.2 LTE Fundamentals 129
4.2.1 Radio Interface 131
4.2.2 Service Model: PDN Connection and EPS Bearer Service 136
4.2.3 PCC Subsystem 141
4.2.4 Security 143
4.2.5 Roaming Support 149
4.2.6 Voice Services over LTE 150
4.3 Group Communications and PTT 152
4.3.1 Existing Initiatives and Solutions for PTT over LTE 153
4.3.2 3GPP Standardization Work 153
4.3.3 GCSE 155
4.3.4 MCPTT over LTE 158
4.3.5 OMA PCPS 161
4.4 Device?]to?]Device Communications 164
4.4.1 3GPP Standardization Work 166
4.4.2 ProSe Capabilities 167
4.4.3 ProSe Functional Architecture 172
4.5 Prioritization and QoS Control for PPDR 174
4.5.1 Access Priority 176
4.5.2 Admission Priority 179
4.5.3 Data Plane QoS Configuration 180
4.5.4 MPS 181
4.6 Isolated E?]UTRAN Operation 182
4.7 High?]Power UE 184
4.8 RAN Sharing Enhancements 185
References 189
5 LTE Networks for PPDR Communications 193
5.1 Introduction 193
5.1.1 Separation of Service and Network Layers in PPDR Communications Delivery 194
5.1.2 Design of a 'Public Safety Grade' Network 196
5.2 Delivery Options for Mobile Broadband PPDR Networks and Services 196
5.3 Dedicated Networks 201
5.3.1 Cost?]Efficient Network Footprints 202
5.3.2 Expanding the User Base beyond PPDR Responders 204
5.4 Commercial Networks 208
5.4.1 Organizational and Contractual Aspects 211
5.4.2 Commercial Networks' Readiness to Provide Mission?]Critical PPDR Services 212
5.4.3 Current Support of Priority Services over Commercial Networks 216
5.5 Hybrid Solutions 220
5.5.1 National Roaming for PPDR Users 221
5.5.2 Deployment of an MVNO for PPDR 222
5.5.3 RAN Sharing with MNOs 227
5.5.4 Network Sharing of Critical and Professional Networks 231
5.6 Network Architecture Design and Implementation Aspects 232
5.6.1 Reference Model for a Critical Communications System 233
5.6.2 Interconnection to Commercial Networks 235
5.6.3 Interconnection to Legacy PMR Networks 240
5.6.4 Interconnection of Deployable Systems 241
5.6.5 Satellite Backhauling and Direct Access 243
5.6.6 Interconnection IP?]Based Backbones 247
5.6.7 Network Architecture for an MVNO?]Based Solution 250
References 252
6 Radio Spectrum for PPDR Communications 257
6.1 Spectrum Management: Regulatory Framework and Models 257
6.1.1 Global?]Level Regulatory Framework 258
6.1.2 Regional?]Level Regulatory Framework 259
6.1.3 National?]Level Regulatory Framework 262
6.1.4 Spectrum Management Models 264
6.2 Internationally Harmonized Frequency Ranges for PPDR Communications 266
6.3 Spectrum Needs for Mobile Broadband PPDR Communications 270
6.3.1 Spectrum Components 270
6.3.2 Methodologies for the Computation of Spectrum Needs 271
6.3.3 Spectrum Estimates 275
6.4 Existing Spectrum Assignments for PPDR and Candidate Bands for Mobile Broadband 275
6.4.1 European Region 277
6.4.2 North America 282
6.4.3 Asia?]Pacific and Latin America 283
6.5 Spectrum Sharing for PPDR Communications 285
6.5.1 Spectrum Sharing Models 287
6.5.2 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on LSA 288
6.5.3 Shared Use of Spectrum Based on Secondary Access to TVWS 299
References 311
Index 317
Preface
Nowadays, public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) agencies mainly rely on the use of private/professional mobile radio (PMR) technologies (e.g. TETRA, TETRAPOL and Project 25) that were conceived in the 1990s. While PMR systems offer a rich set of voice-centric services, with a number of features matched to the special requirements of PPDR, including push-to-talk and call priority, the data transmission capabilities of these PMR technologies are rather limited and lag far behind the technological advancements made in the commercial wireless domain. In this context, long-term evolution (LTE) technology for mobile broadband PPDR is increasingly backed as the technology of choice for future PPDR communications. Technical work is currently being undertaken within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the organization in charge of LTE standardization, to add a number of improved capabilities and features to the LTE standard that will further increase its suitability for PPDR and other professional users, by meeting their high demands for reliability and resilience. While the convergence to common technical standards for the PPDR and commercial domains offers significant opportunities for synergies and economies of scale, the delivery of PPDR broadband services demands new approaches in the way that network capacity is deployed and managed. The current paradigm for PPDR communications, based on 'dedicated technologies, dedicated networks and dedicated spectrum', is no longer believed to constitute the main approach for the provision of PPDR broadband data communications. On this basis, this book provides a comprehensive view of the introduction of LTE technology for PPDR communications. In particular, the following topics are covered in the book:
- The fundamentals of PPDR services, their operational framework and associated communications systems
- An overview of the main communications technologies and standards used nowadays by PPDR practitioners
- The operational scenarios and emerging multimedia, data-centric applications in growing demand by PPDR practitioners due to their great potential to improve their operational efficiency
- A discussion on the main techno-economic drivers that are believed to be pivotal for a cost-efficient delivery of mobile broadband PPDR communications, such as the use of common technical standards with the commercial domain, the consideration of infrastructure sharing and multi-network-based solutions as well as dynamic spectrum sharing
- The formulation of a comprehensive system view for the delivery of mobile broadband communications for PPDR, including dedicated LTE-based wide area networks, roaming and priority access to commercial networks' capacity, fast deployable equipment and satellite access as key components
- An analysis of the capabilities and features of the LTE standard that are relevant for an improved support of mission-critical communications, such as group communications enablers and direct mode operation
- A discussion on the different network implementation options to deliver mobile broadband PPDR communications services over dedicated or commercial LTE-based networks, including the applicability of the mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) model and other hybrid models
- A description of the network architecture design and implementation aspects that are central to the realization of the different delivery models, including the interconnection with legacy networks and with deployables (e.g. cells on wheels and system on wheels) and satellite access
- The estimation of spectrum needs for future broadband PPDR systems, a review of the allocated and candidate spectrum bands for PPDR communications and the consideration of dynamic spectrum sharing solutions intended to provide additional capacity to, for example, cope with a surge of PPDR traffic demand
The book is organized into six chapters:
Chapter 1 addresses the fundamentals of PPDR services, their operational framework and associated communications systems. First, the terminology and key definitions of PPDR, public safety (PS) and emergency communications are provided, identifying the scope of these terms and categorizing the different types of communications relationships found in emergencies. Next, the main functions and services delivered by PPDR organizations are introduced, providing a view on the so-called first responder agencies as well as on the role that other entities, such as utilities and telecom operators, could also play in an emergency response. On this basis, a description of the operational framework for PPDR operations is presented. Such a description covers a classification of PPDR operational scenarios, some generic organizational and procedural aspects in incident-response management and the communications' reference points and key characteristics of the communications services demanded by PPDR practitioners. Following this, a review of the main communications technologies and systems currently in use for PPDR is provided. The review outlines the type of requirements usually bound to PPDR communications systems, describes a common classification of the technologies used within the PPDR sector and provides an overview of the most widely used digital radio communications standards for PPDR communications as of today (TETRA, TETRAPOL, DMR, and Project 25). The review also encompasses the identification of some of the major limitations found in today's PPDR communications landscape through the analysis of an illustrative, hypothetical incident. Finally, the chapter concludes with a description of the regulatory and standardization framework for PPDR communications.
Chapter 2 describes the various types of data-centric, multimedia applications deemed critical for on-scene PPDR operations. Special attention is given to the 'Matrix of Applications' developed by the Law Enforcement Working Party/Radio Communication Expert Group (LEWP/RCEG) of the EU Council, which provides a characterization of technical and operational parameters of a list of PPDR applications agreed by a significant number of European PPDR organizations and recognized by CEPT administrations as being representative in terms of future PPDR applications. Next, the chapter presents various estimates of the throughput requirements for the mobile broadband data applications in demand, outlining typical peak data rates, mean session duration and number of transactions in the busy hour in normal conditions to sustain typical PPDR needs. Finally, the chapter concludes with a quantitative assessment of the overall data capacity needed in a number of representative PPDR operational scenarios within the categories of day-to-day operations, large emergency/public events and disaster scenarios.
Chapter 3 starts with a discussion on the idea that a paradigm change in the delivery of mobile broadband is needed with respect to the prevailing model used nowadays for the provision of voice-centric and narrowband data PPDR services, which is largely characterized by the use of dedicated technologies, dedicated networks and dedicated spectrum. Next, the key techno-economic considerations that are fuelling this paradigm change towards more cost-efficient PPDR communications delivery models are identified and discussed across the dimensions of technology, network and spectrum. Grounded on these techno-economic considerations, a comprehensive system view of the future mobile broadband PPDR communications systems is then described, identifying the key underlying principles and building blocks. Finally, the chapter concludes with a review of some relevant initiatives that are currently shaping the way forward towards the delivery of next-generation mobile broadband PPDR communications.
Chapter 4 provides a description of the new capabilities and features that are being added to the LTE standard. While the LTE standard is already a suitable technology to support a rich number of mobile broadband applications for the PPDR community, including video delivery, work is underway within the 3GPP to improve the standard and turn it into a full mission-critical communications technology. First, the chapter outlines the standardization roadmap established within 3GPP and other relevant standardization bodies in the area of PPDR communications and introduces some of the fundamentals on LTE technology and networks. Next, the enhancements being introduced to fulfil PPDR needs are described, including enhanced group communications enablers and mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) functionality, device-to-device communications (referred to as proximity services in 3GPP specifications), isolated LTE network operation, support of higher transmit power terminals and prioritization and Quality of Service (QoS) control features to cope with capacity congestion. In addition, the enhancements being introduced to LTE with regard to radio access network (RAN) sharing are also described as another potential technology enabler that could facilitate the deployment of shared LTE network models for PPDR and other uses.
Chapter 5 describes the network implementation options to deliver mobile broadband PPDR communications services over dedicated and/or commercial LTE-based networks. First, a number of introductory remarks on the defining elements in current PPDR communications delivery models, the possibility enabled by LTE to provision separately the services from the...
