Solar Energy Sciences and Engineering Applications

1 Physics of solar energy and its applications Napoleon Enteria & Aliakbar Akbarzadeh 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Solar energy and energy demand 1.3 Solar energy utilizations 1.4 Perspective 2 Exergy analysis of solar radiation processes Ryszard Petela 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Exergy 2.2.1 Definition of exergy 2.2.2 Exergy annihilation law 2.2.3 Exergy of substance 2.2.4 Exergy of photon gas 2.2.5 Exergy of radiation emission 2.2.6 Exergy of radiation flux 2.3 Thermodynamic analysis 2.3.1 Significance of thermodynamic analysis 2.3.2 Energy balance equations 2.3.3 Exergy balance equations 2.3.4 Process efficiency 2.4 Solar radiation processes 2.4.1 Conversion of solar radiation into heat 2.4.2 Solar cylindrical-parabolic cooker 2.4.3 Solar chimney power plant 2.4.4 Photosynthesis 2.4.5 Photovoltaic 3 Exergy analysis of solar energy systems Ibrahim Dincer & Tahir Abdul Hussain Ratlamwala 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Energy and exergy aspects and analyses 3.3 Case studies 3.3.1 Case study 1: Exergy analysis of an integrated solar, ORC system for power production 3.3.2 Case study 2: Exergy analysis of solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system for power and heat production 3.3.3 Case study 3: Exergy assessment of an integrated solar PV/T and triple effect absorption cooling system for hydrogen and cooling production 3.4 Concluding remarks 4 Solar energy collection and storage Brian Norton 4.1 Solar thermal energy collectors 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Flat plate solar energy collectors 4.1.3 Evacuated tube collectors 4.1.4 Collector components 4.2 Integral collector storage systems 4.2.1 Integral passive solar water heaters 4.2.2 Salt gradient solar ponds 4.3 Concentrators 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Concentration systems 4.4 Solar water heating 4.4.1 Overview 4.4.2 Applicability of particular collector types to specific outlet temperatures and diffuse fractions 4.4.3 Freeze protection methods 4.4.4 Sensible and latent heat storage 4.4.5 Analytical representation of thermosyphon solar energy water heater 4.4.6 Solar water heater design 4.5 Solar energy collection and storage for drying crops 4.6 Solar energy collector and storage for thermal power generation 4.7 Overall system optimization 5 Basics of the photovoltaic thermal module Krishnan Sumathy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 PV/T devices 5.2.1 Liquid PV/T collector 5.2.2 Air PV/T collector 5.2.3 Ventilated PV with heat recovery 5.2.4 PV/T concentrator 5.3 PV/T module concepts 5.3.1 Different types of PV/T modules 5.4 Techniques to inprove PV/T performance 5.5 Conclusion 6 Thermal modelling of parabolic trough collectors Soteris Kalogirou 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The energy model 6.2.1 Convection heat transfer between the HTF and the receiver pipe 6.2.2 Conduction heat transfer through the receiver pipe wall 6.2.3 Heat transfer from the receiver pipe to the glass envelope 6.2.4 Conduction heat transfer through the glass envelope 6.2.5 Heat transfer from the glass envelope to the atmosphere 6.2.6 Solar irradiation absorption 6.3 Code testing 6.4 Conclusions 7 Salinity gradient solar ponds Abhijit Date & Aliakbar Akbarzadeh 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Solar pond - design philosophy 7.2.1 Sustainable use of resources 7.2.2 Best site characteristics 7.2.3 Performance and sizing 7.2.4 Liner, salt and water 7.2.5 Transient performance prediction 7.3 Solar pond - construction and operation 7.3.1 Set-up and maintenance 7.3.2 Turbidity control 7.3.3 Heat extraction 7.3.4 Performance monitoring 7.3.5 EEE (Energy, Environmental and Economic) benefit evaluation 7.4 Solar ponds - worldwide 7.4.1 Solar ponds - Israel 7.4.2 Solar ponds - Australia 7.4.3 Solar ponds - USA 7.4.4 Solar ponds - Tibet, China 7.4.5 Solar ponds - India 7.5 Solar ponds - applications 7.5.1 Heating 7.5.2 Aquaculture 7.5.3 Desalination 7.5.4 Power production 7.6 Future directions 8 The solar thermal electrochemical production of energetic molecules: Step Stuart Licht 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Solar thermal electrochemical production of energetic molecules: An overview 8.2.1 STEP theoretical background 8.2.2 STEP solar to chemical energy conversion efficiency 8.2.3 Identification of STEP consistent endothermic processes 8.3 Demonstrated step processes 8.3.1 STEP hydrogen 8.3.2 STEP carbon capture 8.3.3 STEP iron 8.3.4 STEP chlorine and magnesium production (chloride electrolysis) 8.4 Step constraints 8.4.1 STEP limiting equations 8.4.2 Predicted STEP efficiencies for solar splitting of CO2 8.4.3 Scaleability of STEP processes 8.5 Conclusions 9 Solar hydrogen production and CO2 recycling Zhaolin Wang & Greg F. Naterer 9.1 Sustainable fuels with solar-based hyrogen production and carbon dioxide recycling 9.2 Solar-based hydrogen production with water splitting methods 9.2.1 Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of water splitting processes 9.2.2 Matching the temperature requirements of solar-based hydrogen production methods 9.2.3 Thermolysis, thermal decomposition and thermochemical methods 9.2.4 Water electrolysis 9.2.5 Photoelectrolysis and photoelectrochemical water splitting 9.2.6 Photochemical, photocatalytic, photodissociation, photodecomposition, and photolysis 9.2.7 Hybrid and other hydrogen production methods 9.3 Solar-based CO2 recycling with hydrogen 9.4 Summary 10 Photoelectrochemical cells for hydrogen production from solar energy Tania Lopes, Luisa Andrade & Adelio Mendes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Photoelectrochemical cells systems overview 10.2.1 Solar water-splitting arrangements 10.2.2 Working principles of photoelectrochemical cells for water-splitting 10.2.3 Materials overview 10.2.4 Stability issues - photocorrosion 10.2.5 PEC reactors 10.3 Electrochemical impendance spectroscopy 10.3.1 Fundamentals 10.3.2 Electrical analogues 10.3.3 EIS analysis of PEC cells for water-splitting 10.4 Fundamentals in electrochemistry applied to photoelectrochemical cells 10.4.1 Semiconductor energy 10.4.2 Continuity and kinetic equations 10.5 Pec cells bottlenecks and future prospects 11 Photobiohydrogen production and high-performance photobioreactor Qiang Liao, Cheng-Long Guo, Rong Chen, Xun Zhu & Yong-Zhong Wang 11.1 Introduction 11.2 General description of photobiohydrogen production 11.2.1 Photoautotrophic hydrogen production 11.2.2 Photoheterotrophic hydrogen production 11.2.3 Critical issues in photobiohydrogen production 11.3 Genetic and metabolic engineering 11.4 High-performance photobioreactor 11.4.1 Modification of photobioreactor configurations 11.4.2 Optimization of the operating parameters 11.4.3 Application of cell immobilization 11.5 Challenges and future directions 12 Decontamination of water by combined solar advanced oxidation processes and biotreatment Sixto Malato, Isabel Oller, Pilar Fernandez-Ibanez & Manuel Ignacio Maldonado 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Solar photo-fenton 12.2.1 Solar photo-Fenton hardware 12.3 Strategy for combining solar advanced oxidation processes and biotreatment 12.3.1 Average oxidation state 12.3.2 Activated sludge respirometry 12.3.3 Zahn-Wellens test 12.3.4 Factors to be considered in designing a combined system 12.4 Combining solar advanced oxidation processes and biotreatment: Case studies 12.4.1 Case study A: An unsuccessful AOP/biological process 12.4.2 Case study B: A successful AOP/biological process 13 Solar driven advanced oxidation processes for water decontamination and disinfection Erick R. Bandala & Brian W. Raichle 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Solar radiation collection for AOPs applications 13.3 Solar homogenous photocatalysis 13.3.1 Degradation of organic pollutants by solar driven photo-Fenton processes 13.3.2 Microorganisms inactivation by solar driven photo-Fenton processes 13.4 Solar heterogenous photocatalysis 13.4.1 Degradation of organic pollutants by solar driven heterogeneous photocatalysis 13.4.2 Microorganisms inactivation by solar driven heterogeneous photocatalysis 13.5 Challenges and perspectives 13.5.1 Photorreactor design 13.5.2 Suspended vs. immobilized photocatalyst 13.5.3 Visible light active photocatalyst materials 13.6 Conclusions 14 Solar energy conversion with thermal cycles Giampaolo Manzolini & Paolo Silva 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Solar concentration concept in thermal systems 14.3 Concentrating solar technologies 14.3.1 Linear focus 14.3.2 Parabolic trough 14.3.3 Reflectors 14.3.4 Heat collection element 14.3.5 Structure 14.3.6 Parabolic trough performance 14.3.7 Linear fresnel 14.3.8 Heat collection element 14.3.9 Reflectors 14.3.10 Linear Fresnel performance 14.3.11 Cost comparison of linear focus technologies 14.3.12 Point focus 14.3.13 Central receiver systems 14.3.14 Collector field 14.3.15 Central receiver 14.3.16 Solar dish 14.3.17 Receiver 14.3.18 Power system 14.4 Heat transfer fluids and storage 14.4.1 Heat transfer fluids 14.4.2 Storage 14.5 From heat to power 14.5.1 Rankine cycle 14.5.2 Rankine cycle performance 14.5.3 Stirling cycle 14.5.4 Stirling configurations 14.5.5 Stirling working fluids 14.6 Economics and future perspectives 15 Solar hybrid air-conditioning design for buildings in hot and humid climates Kwong-Fai Fong 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Design approaches of solar air-conditioning 15.2.1 The solar-electric approach 15.2.2 The solar-thermal approach 15.2.3 A hybrid approach to system design 15.2.4 A hybrid approach to energy sources and system design 15.3 Performance evaluation of various solar air-conditioning systems 15.3.1 Principal solar-thermal air-conditioning systems 15.3.2 SHAC with load sharing 15.3.3 SHAc with radiant cooling 15.3.4 SHAC coordinated with new indoor ventilation strategies 15.3.5 SHAC for premises with high latent load 15.4 Application potential of SHAC in various hot and humid cities in southeast asia 15.5 Conclusion and future development 16 Solar-desiccant air-conditioning systems Napoleon Enteria 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Energy and environment 16.1.2 The building environment 16.2 The basic concept 16.2.1 Thermodynamic processes 16.2.2 Advantages of the open systems 16.2.3 Desiccant materials 16.3 Solid-based system 16.3.1 Basic concept 16.3.2 Typical systems 16.3.3 Modified systems 16.3.4 Hybrid systems 16.4 Liquid-based system 16.4.1 Basic concept 16.4.2 Typical systems 16.4.3 Modified systems 16.4.4 Hybrid systems 16.5 System application 16.5.1 Countries 16.5.2 Temperate regions 16.5.3 Sub-temperate regions 16.5.4 Hot and humid regions 16.6 Future and perspectives 17 Building integrated concentrating solar systems Daniel Chemisana & Tapas K. Mallick 17.1 Introduction to building integration of solar energy systems 17.1.1 Solar thermal systems and building integration requirements 17.1.2 Solar photovoltaic systems and building integration requirements 17.2 Building integrated concentrating systems 17.2.1 Physics of concentrating solar system 17.2.2 Types of concentrators 17.2.3 Building integrated concentrating photovoltaics 17.2.4 Building integrated solar thermal (concentrating) 17.2.5 Concentrating systems and building integration requirements 17.3 Conclusions 18 Solar energy use in buildings Ursula Eicker 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Passive solar gains in cold and moderate climatic regions 18.2.1 Passive solar gains by glazing 18.3 Total energy transmittance of glazing 18.4 New glazing systems 18.5 Transparent thermal insulation (TTI) 18.6 Operational principle of transparent thermal insulation 18.7 Materials used and construction 18.8 Heat storage by interior building elements 18.9 Component temperatures for sudden temperature increases 18.10 Solar gains, shading strategies and air conditioning of buildings 18.11 Influence of the urban form on solar energy use in buildings 18.12 Residential buildings in an urban context 18.13 Site density effect and urban shading in moderate climates 18.14 Climate effect 18.15 Solar gains and glazing 18.16 Office buildings in an urban context 19 The contribution of bioclimatic architecture in the improvement of outdoor urban spaces Konstantina Vasilakopoulou, Dionysia Kolokotsa & Mattheos Santamouris 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Mitigation strategies 19.2.1 Planted areas 19.2.2 Cool materials 19.2.3 Shadings 19.2.4 Thermal sinks 19.2.5 Combination and interplay of mitigation strategies 19.3 Experimental analysis of outdoor spaces 19.3.1 Assessment of outdoor comfort conditions 19.3.2 Assessment of bioclimatic technologies 19.4 Conclusions and future prospects 20 Legislation to foment the use of renewable energies and solar thermal energy in building construction: The case of Spain Javier Ordonez 20.1 Introduction 20.2 European regulatory framework for renewable energy sources in the context of the energy performance of buildings 20.3 Application of EU regulations in member states: The case in spain 20.3.1 National action plan for renewable energies 20.3.2 Basic procedure for the certification of energy efficiency 20.3.3 The spanish technical building code 20.3.4 Spanish regulations for thermal installations in buildings 20.4 The solar thermal system 20.5 The spanish technical building code as a legal means to foment the use of renewable energies in building construction 20.6 Measures to foment the use of renewable energies: Government incentives 20.7 Economic impact of solar thermal energy 20.8 Conclusions Subject index