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List of Contributors xi
Biographies xv
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Reviews xxv
1 Introduction 1 Tim Dixon, Malcolm Eames, Miriam Hunt and Simon Lannon
1.1 The Future (or 'Tomorrow's World') of Cities 4
1.2 The Structure of the Book 7
1.2.1 Part One: Governance and Dynamics of Urban Retrofit 7
1.2.2 Part Two: Modelling Urban Transitions and Pathways 10
1.2.3 Part Three: Steering and Navigating Sustainable Urban Transitions 11
1.2.4 Part Four: Overview of Key Themes from the Book 14
References 14
Part I Governance and Dynamics of Urban Retrofit 17
2 Community Housing Retrofit in the UK and the Civics of Energy Consumption 19 Andrew Karvonen
2.1 Challenges to Systemic Housing Retrofit 20
2.2 Community and Low?]Carbon Futures 21
2.3 Community Housing Retrofit 22
2.3.1 Community as Local Governance Strategy 23
2.3.2 Community as Identity 23
2.3.3 Community as Learning Network 24
2.3.4 Community as Ethical Commitment 25
2.4 Community Housing Retrofit and the Civics of Low?]carbon Transitions 26
2.5 Conclusions 27
References 28
3 'City?]wide or City?]blind'? An Analysis of Retrofit Practices in the UK Commercial Property Sector 33 Tim Dixon
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 UK Commercial Property: Nature and Characteristics of Commercial Property 36
3.3 What Conceptual Frameworks Can We Use to Understand Commercial Property Retrofitting? 37
3.4 Research Findings 40
3.4.1 'Who'? - The Main Stakeholders in the Commercial Property Retrofit Regime and the Nature of the Regime 40
3.4.2 'What'? - Retrofit Defined and the Key Technologies Being Used 41
3.4.3 'Why'? - The Key Drivers and Barriers 42
3.4.4 'How'? - Institutional Frameworks, Legislation and Monitoring/Standards 45
3.5 Conclusions and Discussion 46
Acknowledgements 48
References 48
4 Performance Gap in 'Deep' Retrofit of Housing: Issues at the Design and Construction Interface 53 Will Swan, Niloufar Bayat and Graeme Sheriff
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Defining the Performance Gap 55
4.3 Methodology - Expert Interviews 56
4.4 Findings 58
4.4.1 Theme 1 - Understanding and Skills 58
4.4.2 Theme 2 - Working Practices 60
4.4.3 Theme 3 - Hard to Treat 62
4.5 Conclusions 63
References 64
5 Transforming the Commercial Property Market in Australians Cities: Contemporary Practices and the Future Potential in Green Roof Retrofit 69 Sara J. Wilkinson, Paul van der Kallen, Allan Teale and Hera Antoniades
5.1 Introduction 69
5.2 Green Roofs Defined 70
5.3 Retrofit Issues in Commercial Stock in Australian Cities 72
5.4 Drivers for Green Roofs 73
5.5 Transformation of the Commercial Property Stock 75
5.6 Valuation Issues 76
5.7 Retrofitting Investment to Date 78
5.8 Taxation Considerations 79
5.9 Contemporary Practices 80
5.9.1 Green Roof Retrofit in Commercial Stock - Case Studies from Melbourne and Sydney 80
5.10 Future Potential in Green Roof Retrofit 85
5.11 Conclusions 86
Acknowledgements 87
References 87
Part II Modelling Urban Transitions and Pathways 91
6 Modelling Residential Retrofit: Insights on the Effect of Regional Characteristics for the Cardiff City Region 93 Malcolm Eames, Simon Lannon, Miriam Hunt and Aliki Georgakaki
6.1 Introduction 93
6.2 Context 94
6.2.1 Role of Local Government 94
6.2.2 Cardiff Domestic Stock: History and Legacy 95
6.3 Methodology 96
6.4 Results 101
6.4.1 Wall Insulation 104
6.4.2 Loft Insulation 104
6.4.3 Glazing 105
6.5 Conclusions 106
Acknowledgements 106
References 106
7 Weatherproofing Urban Social Housing for a Changing Climate Through Retrofitting: A Holistic Approach 109 Anna Mavrogianni, Jonathon Taylor, Michael Davies and John Kolm?]Murray
7.1 Scope 109
7.2 The UK Housing Retrofit Challenge and Potential Unintended Consequences 110
7.3 Challenges and Opportunities for Social Housing Retrofit 110
7.4 The Building Envelope as a Climate Modifier 111
7.5 The Role of Seasonal Health Policy 112
7.6 South Islington: A Case Study 113
7.6.1 Climate Risk Awareness and Behaviour 113
7.6.2 Indoor Summer Thermal Comfort and Environmental Quality 114
7.7 Conclusions 120
Acknowledgements 120
References 121
8 What is Hindering Adaptation to Climate Change in English Suburbs, and What Would Help Facilitate Action? 125 Ian Smith, Katie Williams and Rajat Gupta
8.1 Introduction 125
8.2 What is the Suburban Retrofitting Problem? 126
8.3 Hot in the Suburbs? 127
8.4 How Does the Current Literature Explain Why Retrofitting Might Happen? 130
8.5 Conclusions 136
References 137
9 The Value of Foresight and Scenarios in Engineering Liveable Future Cities 139 Chris Rogers
9.1 Introduction 139
9.2 Retrofitting the Underworld 141
9.3 The Foresight Future of Cities Project 142
9.4 Scenarios 146
9.5 Conclusions 149
Acknowledgements 149
References 150
Part III Steering and Navigating Sustainable Urban Transitions 153
10 Urban Sustainability Transition: Retrofitting the City 155 Derk Loorbach
10.1 Introduction 156
10.2 Transitions as the Analytical Starting Point for Addressing Urban Transitions 157
10.3 Sustainability Transitions in Urban Areas 159
10.4 A Transition in the Urban Built Environment? 162
10.5 Transition Project 'Energiesprong' 163
10.6 Transition Management and the Built Environment 165
10.7 Outlook: Transitioning the City? 168
References 169
11 Presenting Futures: London 2062 171 Sarah Bell
11.1 Introduction 171
11.2 UCL's Grand Challenges 173
11.3 London 2062 173
11.3.1 Connections 175
11.3.2 Things 175
11.3.3 Power 176
11.3.4 Dreams 177
11.3.5 Imagining the Future City 177
11.4 Conclusions
178
References 179
12 Framing New Retrofit Models for Regenerating Australia's Fast Growing Cities 183 Peter W. Newton
12.1 Introduction 183
12.2 Current State, Future Trajectories and Retrofitting Challenges for Australia's Largest Cities 184
12.3 The Challenge of Regenerative Urban Transition 186
12.3.1 Scale of Built Environment Innovation 187
12.3.2 Urban Form and Fabric 187
12.3.3 Urban Development Arenas 187
12.4 Greyfield Infill Redevelopment 194
12.5 Towards a New Model for Residential Precinct Regeneration 196
12.5.1 Public Housing as a Catalyst for Neighbourhood Regeneration 197
12.5.2 Precinct Regeneration in Greyfields Private Property Market: Municipal Housing Strategies as a Catalyst for Neighbourhood Regeneration 198
12.6 Conclusion 201
Acknowledgements 202
References 203
13 City?]regional Futures in Context: Insights from the Retrofit 2050 Project 207 Carla De Laurentis, Malcolm Eames, Miriam Hunt and Tim Dixon
13.1 Introduction 207
13.2 City Futures as Guiding Visions 210
13.3 How Can We Use City Visions to Understand City Futures of Tomorrow? 212
13.4 Exploring Visions of Cities in Context: Cardiff 2050 217
13.5 Concluding
Remarks 222
References 223
14 National Policies for Local Urban Sustainability: A New Governance Approach? 227 Simon Joss and Robert Cowley
14.1 Introduction 227
14.2 Four National Sustainable City Programmes in Profile 229
14.2.1 Eco Cities (India) 229
14.2.2 EcoQuartier (France) 231
14.2.3 Eco?]Model City (Japan) 234
14.2.4 Future Cities (UK) 237
14.3 Comparative Observations 238
14.3.1 Shaping the Content of Local Agendas 239
14.3.2 Governance Innovation 240
14.3.3 Factors Co?]determining Policy Implementation Success/Failure 241
14.4 Conclusions 242
References 243
Part IV Overview of Key Themes from the Book 247
15 Conclusions and Reflections: Retrofitting Cities for Tomorrow's World 249 Malcolm Eames, Tim Dixon, Miriam Hunt and Simon Lannon
15.1 Introduction 249
15.2 Critical Factors for Successful Urban Retrofit Transition 250
15.2.1 Emerging Themes from the Book 250
15.2.2 EPSRC Retrofit 2050: Main Findings 252
15.3 Summary: Foresight for a Tomorrow's World of Cities 260
References 262
Index 267
Hera Antoniades is a Chartered Tax Advisor and a Registered Valuer. She is a member of the Tax Institute, the Australian Property Institute (API), the Australian Institute of Building (AIB), and a Fellow of the Commercial Education Society of Australia. Her industry experience includes specialist engagement with accounting and taxation matters related to the built environment. Her research and publications are focused within the built environment discipline, and include property taxation, forensic trust accounting, occupational licensing, tenancy legislation, strata management, and governance compliance. She is a member of government advisory boards and various professional committees. She is also the President of the Pacific Rim Real Estate Society 2014-2016, which is an academic society providing a formal focus for property researchers.
Niloufar Bayat is a RIBA qualified architect and has worked on the delivery of numerous new-built housing projects in the UK. She is currently a researcher with particular interests in low-carbon housing retrofit and Sustainable Architecture. She is pursuing a doctorate in the School of the Built Environment at the University of Salford focusing on issues concerning the design and construction interface in deep retrofit.
Sarah Bell is Professor of Environmental Engineering at University College London (UCL) and Director of the UCL Engineering Exchange, which facilitates community engagement with engineering research. She is a Chartered Engineer who completed her PhD in Sustainability and Technology Policy at Murdoch University in Australia in 2004. Her research focuses on the relationship between engineering, technology and society, particularly applied to the sustainability of urban water systems. She is a Living With Environmental Change Research Fellow, funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
Robert Cowley is Lecturer in Sustainable Cities in the Department of Geography at King's College London, and works as Project Coordinator for the ESRC-funded SMART ECO research programme. Previously, he was the Network Coordinator for the Leverhulme Trust-funded international research consortium Tomorrow's City Today - An International Comparison of Eco-City Frameworks. His PhD thesis, completed at the University of Westminster, explored the public dimensions of conceptualised and implemented 'eco-city' initiatives. He has lectured internationally and co-authored several publications on eco-cities and urban sustainability.
Michael Davies is Professor of Building Physics and Environment at University College London (UCL) and the Director of the Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering (IEDE). IEDE pursues a deeper understanding of the part played by choices relating to buildings and the urban environment in tackling some of the greatest challenges facing humankind, in areas such as health, human well-being, productivity, energy use and climate change. He is also Director of the Complex Built Environment Systems (CBES) Group at UCL, an ESPRC Platform Grant funded group with a major focus on the Unintended Consequences of Decarbonizing the Built Environment. He has published widely and led a series of large, collaborative research projects; the outputs of this body of work have impacted on a range of relevant key national and international policy formulations.
Carla De Laurentis is currently completing an EPSRC doctorate study that investigates how place and context-specific conditions influence the mobilization of resources, governance capabilities and actor-networks in energy transitions. She has worked as a researcher for Cardiff University since 2002. Since joining the Welsh School of Architecture in April 2011, she has worked on the EPSRC project Re-Engineering the City 2020-2050 Urban Foresight and Transition Management, investigating sustainability transitions at city-region level. During her research career she has gained extensive knowledge and expertise in innovation, local and regional development and clustering dynamics in high technology sectors (particularly renewable energy, ICT and new media). Her current research interests lie within the study of innovation, energy policy, renewable energy and sustainability transitions. She has contributed to a number of publications exploring the role of regions in the dynamics of innovation and transformation of the energy sector towards sustainability.
Tim Dixon is Professor of Sustainable Futures in the Built Environment at the University of Reading. With more than 30 years' experience in education, training and research in the built environment, he leads the Sustainability in the Built Environment network at the University of Reading and is co-director of the TSBE (Technologies for a Sustainable Built Environment) doctoral training centre. He led the Urban Foresight Laboratory work package of EPSRC Retrofit 2050 and is currently working with local and regional partners to develop a 'Reading 2050' smart and sustainable city vision which connects with the UK BIS Future Cities Foresight Programme. He is also currently working on a smart cities and big data project for RICS Research Trust. He is also a member of the international scientific committee for the national 'Visions and Pathways 2040 Australia' Project on cities.
Malcolm Eames (now retired) held a professorial chair in Low Carbon Research at the Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, and was the Principal Investigator for the EPSRC Retrofit 2050 project. With an academic background in science & technology policy and innovation studies, his research interests focused on the interface between: S&T foresight; low carbon innovation; socio-technological transitions; and, urban sustainability. He previously led the EPSRC's Citizens Science for Sustainability (SuScit) project and was formerly Director of the BRESE (Brunel Research in Enterprise, Innovation, Sustainability and Ethics) Research Centre at Brunel University.
Aliki Georgakaki is a Mechanical Engineer specializing in energy and sustainability, was a Research Associate at the Welsh School of Architecture at Cardiff University. She has experience in performing techno-economic assessments on the implementation of new energy technologies. In 2007 she was co-recipient of the JRC IE Award for Outstanding Scientific Contribution to the Institute for modelling work on 'The Evolution of the European Fossil Fuel Power Generation Sector and its Impact on the Sustainability of the Energy System'.
Rajat Gupta is Professor of Sustainable Architecture and Climate Change, Director of the multi-disciplinary Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development (OISD) and Director of the Low Carbon Building Research Group at Oxford Brookes University. He is an appointed member of the EPSRC and ESRC peer review colleges. He also advises government at senior level and is on the boards of several key organizations and task groups internationally and nationally. He has advised UNEP on sustainable social housing, UNFCCC on CDM methodology for energy efficiency measures for buildings, UN-Habitat on Green Buildings, and the British Council on Cities and climate change. In 2013 he was voted as one of 13 international building science stars and joined the Building4Change's Virtual Academy of Excellence.
Miriam Hunt is a PhD student at Cardiff University, where her work is concerned with social inclusivity and the museum. She previously worked as a research assistant on the Retrofit 2050 project based at the Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, during which time she explored sustainability and socio-technical transitions in the built environments of South East Wales and Greater Manchester, as well as questions of equity in energy systems. Her academic interests include sustainable regeneration, and social and economic development and inclusiveness.
Simon Joss is Professor of Science & Technology Studies at the University of Westminster (London), and co-director of the International Eco-Cities Initiative. His research addresses the governance of, and policy for, environmental, economic and social sustainability, with special focus on urban innovation and development. He is the author of numerous research articles and books, including Sustainable Cities: Governing for Urban Innovation (2015). He is coordinator of the Leverhulme Trust-funded international research network Tomorrow's City Today: An International Comparison of Eco-City Frameworks, and co-investigator of the ESRC-funded SMART ECO multi-centre research programme on smart cities.
Andrew Karvonen is Assistant Professor of Urban and Regional Studies
KTH Royal Institute of Technology. His research bridges the social sciences and design disciplines by combining ideas from urban planning, human geography, and Science and Technology Studies to explore the social, political, and cultural aspects of urban sustainable development. His 2011 research monograph, Politics of Urban Drainage: Nature, Technology and the Sustainable City, was honoured with the John Friedmann Book Award from the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning.
John Kolm-Murray is the Seasonal Health and Affordable Warmth (SHAW) Coordinator in Islington Council, working at the interface of domestic energy efficiency, public health and social policy. He has a keen interest in both...
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