Burkitt Lymphoma: Diagnosis, Risk Factors and Treatment
Erschienen am 18. August 2021
259 Seiten
978-1-68507-083-0 (ISBN)
Beschreibung
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which cancer starts in immune cells called B-cells. If left untreated, it is rapidly fatal. Chapter One of this monograph evaluates the etiology, pathological issues, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, research, innovation and treatment issues of BL using the clinical systematic review research method and experts' opinion analysis approach. Chapter Two reviews the spectrum, unique characteristics and special management considerations when BL develops in specific subgroups of patients with primary immune deficiency disorders. Chapter Three reviews the incidence, clinicopathological and epidemiologic features, treatment and outcome data available in pediatric and adult patients with post solid organ transplant BL. Chapter Four focuses on the pathobiology and the treatment of first-line and relapsed/refractory cases of BL and describes new therapeutic strategies which could improve results in this pathology. Chapter Five examines the therapeutic advances in BL and its variants. Finally, Chapter Six explores and emphasizes the trends and issues in research and innovation in the characteristics, clinical updates and management approaches of BL.
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Inhalt
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1
- Burkitt Lymphoma: Diagnosis and Treatment Issues
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Inclusion Criteria
- Data Extraction
- Methodological Quality
- Data and Statistical Analysis
- Results
- Classification of Burkitt Lymphoma
- The Endemic Type (Which Is Also Known as "African Variant")
- The Sporadic Type of BL (Also Known as "Non-African" Variant)
- Immunodeficiency-Associated BL
- Etiology of BL
- Symptoms of BL
- Epidemiology of BL
- Epidemiologic Features of Endemic, Sporadic and AIDS-Associated BL
- Pathophysiology
- Genetics
- MicroRNA Expression
- BL Pathogenesis and EBV Manifestation
- The Roles of Holoendemic Malaria and HIV Infection in BL Pathogenesis
- Histopathology
- Patient History and Physical Examination
- Diagnosis of BL
- Characteristics/Features of Malignant B Cells
- Microscopic Investigations
- Immunohistochemistry Analysis
- Evaluation and Laboratory Tests for Patients
- Staging of BL
- St. Jude/Murphy Staging System in Children
- Stage I
- Stage II
- Stage III
- Stage IV
- The Murphy Staging System in Adults
- Stage I
- Stage II
- Stage HR (Hormone Receptor Stage)
- Stage III
- Stage III A
- Stage III B
- Stage IV
- Ann Arbor System in Adult
- Stage I
- Stage II
- Stage III
- Stage IV
- Differential Diagnosis
- Risk Factors for BL
- Treatment and Management Issues
- Toxicity and Side Effect Management
- Complications of BL
- Prognosis of BL
- Multi-Professional Healthcare Team Management Need
- Research and Innovations in the Diagnosis and Treatment Advances of Bl
- Research in Diagnostic Advances of BL
- Gene Targets
- Issues in BL Pathogenesis and Cellular Genetic Change
- The Effects of C-Myc Overexpression and C-Myc Translocation
- Research Efforts and Updates on Myc Gene
- Mechanisms Whereby C-Myc Drives BL Tumorigenesis
- Recent Studies to Determine the Role of C-Myc in Tumorigenesis
- Matters in Histologic Diagnosis of BL
- Recent Advances in the Molecular Diagnosis of BL
- Research in the Treatment Advances of BL
- Revelation of New Approaches to Burkitt Lymphoma Treatment and Management
- Less Toxic Alternative to Standard Treatment for Adults with BL
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
- Biographical Sketches
- Chapter 2
- Burkitt Lymphoma in Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Clinical Cases
- 2.1. Case-1 [15]
- 2.2. Case 2 [16]
- 3. Epidemiology
- 3.1. Data from Large PIDs Registries
- 3.2. Age and Gender Distribution
- 3.3. Burkitt Lymphoma in Patients with PIDs
- 4. Lymphomagenesis in Immune Deficiency Disorders
- 4.1. Cancer Immune Surveillance in Immune Deficiency Disorders
- 4.2. EBV and PIDs-Associated Lymphoma
- 4.3. Mechanisms of Lymphomagenesis in PIDs
- 5. Primary Immune Deficiency Disorders Commonly Associated with Lymphoma
- 5.1. Chromosome Instability Syndromes
- 5.1.1. Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT)
- 5.1.2. Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS)
- 5.1.3. Bloom Syndrome (BS)
- 5.2. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)
- 5.3. Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
- 5.4. X-linked Lymphoproliferative Disease Type 1 (XLP1)
- 5.5. Other PIDs Associated with Burkitt Lymphoma
- 6. Treatment Considerations
- 6.1. Index of Suspicion of PIDs in Newly Diagnosed B-NHL
- 6.2. Chemotherapy
- 6.3. Special Treatment Considerations in PIDs Associated BL
- 6.3.1. Chromosome Instability Syndromes
- 6.3.2. Ataxia Telangiectasia and Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome
- 6.3.3. Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome
- 6.3.4. Bloom Syndrome
- 6.3.5. Wiscott Aldrich Syndrome
- 6.3.6. X-linked Lymphoproliferative Disease Type 1
- 6.4. Treatment Modalities Other Than Chemotherapy
- 6.4.1. Targeted Immunotherapy
- 6.4.2. EBV Specific Cytotoxic T cells
- 6.4.3. Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)
- 7. Unique Long Term Risks
- 7.1. Malignancies
- 7.2. Chronic Lung Disease
- Conclusion and Future Perspectives
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Biographical Sketch
- Chapter 3
- Post Solid Organ Transplant Burkitt Lymphoma
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Epidemiology
- 2.2. Transplant Risk Factors
- 3. Biopathology
- 3.1. Pathologic and Genetic Features
- 3.2. The Role of EBV in PTLD and PSOT-BL
- 3.3. Epstein-Barr Virus DNAemia Load
- 4. Clinical Features and Involved Sites
- 5. Treatment
- 5.1. Are Treatment Strategies for M-PTLD Effective in BL?
- 5.2. Response Based Treatment Strategies
- 5.3. Chemotherapy Intensity in PSOT-BL
- 5.4. Cytotoxic T Cell in PTLD and BL
- 5.5. CAR-T in PTLD and PSOT-BL
- 6. Prognostic Factors
- 7. Outcome
- 7.1. Potential Long-Term Effects and Need for Therapy Modifications
- 8. Organ Specific Treatment Considerations
- 8.1. Cardiac
- 8.2. Renal and Hepatic Toxicity
- Conclusion and Perspectives
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Chapter 4
- Burkitt Lymphoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathobiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Prognosis
- Treatment
- First-Line Therapy for BL
- Treatment Regimen in the Context of CNS Involvement
- Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory BL
- Targeted Therapies
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy
- Bispecific T-Cell Engagers (BiTEs)
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 5
- Examining the Therapeutic Advances for Burkitt Lymphoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Etiology/Causes of BL
- Types of BL
- Endemic BL
- Sporadic BL
- Immunodeficiency-Related BL
- Epidemiology of BL
- Clinical Presentations of BL
- Clinical Evaluations of BL
- EBV and BL
- Diagnosis of BL
- Determination of the Staging of BL
- Histology/Morphology and Cytogenetics
- Immunophenotype and Molecular Signature
- Treatment Choices for BL
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted Therapy
- Central Nervous System Prophylaxis
- Progress on the Role of HSCT in the Treatment of BL
- Progress on Exploring the Use of Immunotherapy and Experimental Agents in the Treatment of BL
- The Effect of Ofatumumab and Obinutuzumab GA101
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR T-Cell)
- Immune-Checkpoint (PD-1 - PD-L1)
- Future Directions in MYC Inhibition
- Progress on New Finding Therapies for BL
- Prognosis of Therapies
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 6
- Burkitt Lymphoma: Evaluation of Characteristics, Clinical Updates and Management Approaches Trends
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Etiology of BL
- Clinical Characteristics and Manifestations
- Epidemiological Updates
- Diagnosis Updates
- Differential Diagnosis
- Trends in the Management Approaches of BL
- Progress on DA-EPOCH-R
- Situation of When a Patient Is Too Ill to Receive Chemotherapy
- When There Is a Lack of Referral to a Specialist/Secondary/Tertiary Care Unit
- Updates on Prognosis of BL
- Conclusion
- References
- Index
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