Inorganic Micro- and Nanomaterials

1 - Introduction: Nano- (and micro-)materials and human wellbeing [Seite 15]
2 - 1 Coating antibacterial nanoparticles on textiles: Towards the future hospital in which all textiles will be antibacterial [Seite 17]
2.1 - 1.1 Introduction: Application of nanotechnology for "smart" textiles [Seite 17]
2.2 - 1.2 Sonochemical method for the synthesis of nanostructured materials and their adherence to solid substrates [Seite 20]
2.3 - 1.3 Ultrasound assisted deposition of metal nano-oxides on textiles and their antibacterial properties [Seite 22]
2.3.1 - 1.3.1 Synthesis and deposition of CuO nanoparticles [Seite 22]
2.3.2 - 1.3.2 Finishing of textiles with crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles via a one-step process [Seite 24]
2.3.3 - 1.3.3 Synthesis and deposition of ZnO [Seite 30]
2.3.4 - 1.3.4 Enzymatic pretreatment as a means of enhancing antibacterial activity and stability of ZnO nanoparticles sonochemically coated on cotton fabrics [Seite 36]
2.3.5 - 1.3.5 Size dependence of the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs [Seite 42]
2.4 - 1.4 Conclusion [Seite 42]
2.4.1 - Bibliography [Seite 43]
3 - 2 Automated solutions for high-throughput experimentation in heterogeneous catalyst research [Seite 49]
3.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 49]
3.2 - 2.2 The preparation of solid catalysts [Seite 51]
3.3 - 2.3 Automation challenges examples [Seite 51]
3.3.1 - 2.3.1 Integration of commercially available devices [Seite 52]
3.4 - 2.4 A fully-automated solution [Seite 53]
3.4.1 - 2.4.1 SOPHAS-CAT HT [Seite 53]
3.4.2 - 2.4.2 The loading [Seite 53]
3.4.3 - 2.4.3 The synthesizer [Seite 54]
3.4.4 - 2.4.4 Extrudate preparation [Seite 55]
3.4.5 - 2.4.5 Impregnation and drying [Seite 55]
3.4.6 - 2.4.6 Calcination [Seite 56]
3.4.7 - 2.4.7 Scraping and pelletizing [Seite 56]
3.4.8 - 2.4.8 Grinding [Seite 57]
3.4.9 - 2.4.9 Sieving [Seite 57]
3.5 - 2.5 Conclusion [Seite 58]
3.5.1 - Bibliography [Seite 59]
4 - 3 Insights from XPS on nanosized inorganic materials [Seite 61]
4.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 61]
4.2 - 3.2 XPS in the nanodomain [Seite 61]
4.3 - 3.3 Conclusions [Seite 67]
4.3.1 - Bibliography [Seite 69]
5 - 4 Single crystal and powder XRD techniques: An overview [Seite 71]
5.1 - 4.1 The single crystal XRD technique [Seite 71]
5.1.1 - 4.1.1 Basics of the radiation-matter interaction [Seite 72]
5.1.2 - 4.1.2 Basics of crystallography and X-ray diffraction by crystal [Seite 75]
5.1.3 - 4.1.3 Solving the phase problem by direct methods [Seite 83]
5.2 - 4.2 The powder XRD technique [Seite 88]
5.2.1 - 4.2.1 Indexation [Seite 88]
5.2.2 - 4.2.2 Space group determination [Seite 90]
5.2.3 - 4.2.3 Profile decomposition and intensity extraction [Seite 91]
5.2.4 - 4.2.4 Structure solution [Seite 93]
5.2.5 - 4.2.5 Rietveld refinement [Seite 98]
5.2.6 - 4.2.6 Examples [Seite 99]
5.3 - 4.3 Conclusions [Seite 102]
5.3.1 - Bibliography [Seite 103]
6 - 5 Structural and electronic characterization of nanosized inorganic materials by X-ray absorption spectroscopies [Seite 107]
6.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 107]
6.2 - 5.2 XAS spectroscopy: Basic background [Seite 107]
6.2.1 - 5.2.1 Theoretical background of XAS spectroscopy [Seite 108]
6.2.2 - 5.2.2 The XANES region [Seite 110]
6.2.3 - 5.2.3 The EXAFS region [Seite 110]
6.2.4 - 5.2.4 Advantages and drawbacks of the technique [Seite 113]
6.3 - 5.3 CuCl2/Al2O3-based catalysts for ethylene oxychlorination [Seite 114]
6.3.1 - 5.3.1 Industrial relevance of the CuCl2/Al2O3 system [Seite 114]
6.3.2 - 5.3.2 Preliminary in situ XAFS experiments [Seite 115]
6.3.2.1 - 5.3.2.1 The determination of the Cu-aluminate phase: How to avoid possible pitfalls in the EXAFS data analysis [Seite 115]
6.3.2.2 - 5.3.2.2 Catalyst reactivity with the separate reactants: In situ XAFS experiments [Seite 117]
6.3.3 - 5.3.3 Operando experiments and criteria used to face the presence of more than one phase in the sample [Seite 119]
6.4 - 5.4 Structural and electronic configuration of Cp2Cr molecules encapsulated in PS and Na-Y zeolite and their reactivity towards CO [Seite 123]
6.4.1 - 5.4.1 Structure of Cp2Cr encapsulated in PS and Na-Y zeolite matrices [Seite 123]
6.4.2 - 5.4.2 Determination of the electronic structure of Cp2Cr by combined UV-Vis and XANES spectroscopies [Seite 125]
6.4.3 - 5.4.3 Reactivity of Cp2Cr hosted in PS and in Na-Y zeolite towards CO: IR and XAFS results [Seite 128]
6.5 - 5.5 Transition metal complexes in solution: The [cis-Ru(bpy)2(py)2]2+ case study [Seite 131]
6.5.1 - 5.5.1 Structure refinement of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(py)2]2+ in aqueous solution by EXAFS spectroscopy [Seite 132]
6.5.2 - 5.5.2 Advanced details of the EXAFS structure refinement of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(py)2]2+ complex [Seite 134]
6.6 - 5.6 EXAFS study on MOFs of the UiO-66/UiO-67 family: comparison with XRPD and ab initio investigations [Seite 136]
6.7 - 5.7 Applications of X-ray micro beams: Electroabsorption modulated laser for optoelectronic devices [Seite 141]
6.7.1 - Bibliography [Seite 143]
7 - 6 Lens-less scanning X-ray microscopy with SAXS and WAXS contrast [Seite 151]
7.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 151]
7.2 - 6.2 X-ray microscopes [Seite 152]
7.3 - 6.3 Small-angle and wide-angle scattering contrast (SAXS and WAXS) [Seite 157]
7.4 - 6.4 Applications [Seite 163]
7.4.1 - Bibliography [Seite 168]
8 - 7 Characterization of inorganic nanostructured materials by electron microscopy [Seite 171]
8.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 171]
8.2 - 7.2 Electron microscopy [Seite 172]
8.2.1 - 7.2.1 Working principles [Seite 173]
8.3 - 7.3 Scanning electron microscopy [Seite 175]
8.3.1 - 7.3.1 Magnification and resolution of SEM [Seite 177]
8.3.2 - 7.3.2 Interaction of the electron beam with the sample: elastic and inelastic scattering [Seite 177]
8.3.2.1 - 7.3.2.1 Secondary electrons and their detection [Seite 178]
8.3.2.2 - 7.3.2.2 Backscattered electrons and their detection [Seite 180]
8.3.2.3 - 7.3.2.3 Energy loss [Seite 181]
8.4 - 7.4 Transmission electron microscopy [Seite 181]
8.4.1 - 7.4.1 The instrument [Seite 182]
8.4.2 - 7.4.2 Image formation process [Seite 183]
8.5 - 7.5 Sample preparation for electron microscopy [Seite 188]
8.5.1 - 7.5.1 SEM sample preparation [Seite 188]
8.5.1.1 - 7.5.1.1 Casting [Seite 188]
8.5.1.2 - 7.5.1.2 Ion sputtering [Seite 189]
8.5.2 - 7.5.2 Sample preparation for TEM [Seite 189]
8.6 - 7.6 Inorganic nanocrystal investigation by SEM [Seite 191]
8.7 - 7.7 Inorganic nanocrystal investigation by TEM [Seite 200]
8.7.1 - 7.7.1 Bright field mode [Seite 200]
8.7.2 - 7.7.2 Dark field contrast mode [Seite 203]
8.7.3 - 7.7.3 Diffraction mode - electron diffraction [Seite 204]
8.7.3.1 - 7.7.3.1 Selected area diffraction [Seite 205]
8.7.3.2 - 7.7.3.2 Convergent beam electron diffraction [Seite 205]
8.7.3.3 - 7.7.3.3 Investigating crystalline structure: High-resolution TEM [Seite 206]
8.8 - 7.8 Chemical analysis by electron microscopy [Seite 207]
8.8.1 - 7.8.1 Energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) [Seite 207]
8.8.2 - 7.8.2 Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) [Seite 208]
8.8.3 - 7.8.3 Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) [Seite 209]
8.8.4 - 7.8.4 Some examples of chemical analysis in electron microscopy [Seite 209]
8.9 - 7.9 Conclusions [Seite 211]
8.9.1 - Bibliography [Seite 211]
9 - 8 Nanosized particles: questioned for their potential toxicity, but some are applied in biomedicine [Seite 213]
9.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 213]
9.2 - 8.2 Nanoparticles classification [Seite 213]
9.3 - 8.3 Nanoparticles and biosystems [Seite 215]
9.4 - 8.4 Stability and toxicity [Seite 216]
9.5 - 8.5 Fields of application of engineered nanoparticles [Seite 217]
9.6 - 8.6 Access to bio-organisms and toxicity to organisms [Seite 218]
9.7 - 8.7 Applications of nanoparticles in biomedicine [Seite 219]
9.8 - 8.8 Measurement of the concentration [Seite 220]
9.9 - 8.9 Conclusions [Seite 220]
9.9.1 - Bibliography [Seite 221]
10 - Index [Seite 225]