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An exciting and illuminating discussion of the latest advancements in space travel, exploration, technology, and infrastructure
In New Space: From Low Earth Orbit to the Moon and Beyond, renowned physicist and space entrepreneur Stephen Cheung delivers a comprehensive overview of the current state of-and opportunities offered by-the space infrastructure industry, while Prof. Chih-Yung Wen and his team members discuss the basics of reusable rockets and the most important subsystems within these advanced rockets, including subjects like delta-V, specific impulses, thrust-to-weight ratio, and introducing the Mars Missions.
Cheung further explains new green energy technology that collects sunlight in geostationary orbits and then beams back the power in the form of microwaves. He also discusses how asteroids are categorized and targeted by missions with the goal of demonstrating new technology or collecting samples.
Readers will also find:
Perfect for anyone with an interest in recent developments in space exploration and technology, New Space: From Low Earth Orbit to the Moon and Beyond will also benefit science and engineering students seeking careers in the space industry.
Stephen W. Cheung, PhD, is a former Adjunct Professor of Physics at the University of Hong Kong and a senior researcher for a satellite program at Stanford University. Currently, he is an Honorary Chief Scientist at Orion Astropreneur Space Academy promoting space to the public.
Chih-Yung Wen, PhD, earned his PhD from the Department of Aeronautics (Caltech, a renowned institution recognized for its contributions to aerospace science and engineering. Currently, he holds the position of Chair Professor of Aeronautical Engineering at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He is a Fellow of HKIE, ASME, and RAeS, as well as Associate Fellow of AIAA. Prof. Wen has authored and co-authored over 300 scientific papers, conference papers, and book chapters.
About the Editors xix
List of Contributors xxi
Preface xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 New Space 3
1.3 Cislunar Space 5
1.4 Economics and Business Considerations 7
1.5 Conclusion 8
Reading List 9
References 9
2 Rockets 11Guan Yu and Stephen W. Cheung
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation 11
2.3 Chemical Propulsion and Main Components 17
2.4 Other Thrusters 28
2.5 Conclusion 31
Reading List 31
References 31
3 Orbits 33Wang Tianqi and Stephen W. Cheung
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Orbit Dynamics 33
3.3 Launching to Orbit and Orbital Transfer 37
3.4 Lagrange Points as Orbits 43
3.5 ¿V Map 45
3.6 Conclusion 46
Reading List 46
Reference 46
4 Satellites and Space Stations 47Xu Bing
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Types of LEO Satellites 47
4.3 Miniaturized Satellites in LEO 50
4.4 Space Stations 52
4.5 Looking Ahead for the LEO Industry 64
Reading List 64
References 65
5 Reusable Rockets 67Stephen W. Cheung and Guan Yu
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Falcon 9 Reusable Rocket 70
5.3 Blue Origin Systems 83
5.4 SpaceX Starship Launch System 87
5.5 Reusable Rockets in China 114
5.6 Conclusion 116
Reading List 117
References 117
6 Communications Satellite Constellations 123
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 Overview of the Satellite Constellations 123
6.3 Starlink Satellite Constellations 128
6.4 OneWeb System 139
6.5 Kuiper System 140
6.6 China GW System 141
6.7 Business and Economics Angle 142
6.8 Looking Ahead 145
Reading List 145
References 145
7 Earth Observations 149
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Passive Imaging 150
7.3 Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging 155
7.4 Precision Agriculture 163
7.5 Other Applications of Passive Earth Observations 169
7.6 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 174
7.7 Looking Ahead 183
7.8 Conclusion 185
Reading List 186
References 187
8 Space Solar Power 191
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Solar Power 192
8.3 Multi-Rotary Joints System 196
8.4 Space Solar Power Using Optical Reflectors 202
8.5 Laser as Wireless Power Transfer 206
8.6 Buildup of Space Solar Power 207
8.7 Technological Challenges 208
8.8 Looking Ahead 209
Reading List 210
References 211
9 Space Tourism 213
9.1 Introduction 213
9.2 Success Factors 213
9.3 Suborbital and Orbital Flights 216
9.4 Space Hotels 223
9.5 Returning to Earth 223
9.6 Conclusion 225
Reading List 225
References 226
10 Mining Asteroids 229
10.1 Introduction 229
10.2 Cosmic Background 229
10.3 The Asteroid Belt 232
10.4 Statistics of Near-Earth Asteroids 240
10.5 Missions to Near-Earth Asteroids 244
10.6 Infrastructures for Mining Asteroids 251
10.7 Conclusion 255
Reading List 256
References 256
11 Going to the Moon 259
11.1 Introduction 259
11.2 About the Moon 261
11.3 Artemis Program 263
11.4 Artemis Missions 273
11.5 China Lunar Program 284
11.5.1 Chang'e 5 Mission 284
11.6 Conclusion 287
Reading List 288
References 288
12 Settling on the Moon 291
12.1 Introduction 291
12.2 Lunar South Pole and Water 292
12.3 Electric Power Source 297
12.4 Transportation and Mobility 303
12.5 Living Shelters 308
12.6 Foods 312
12.7 Helium- 3 316
12.8 Lunar Minerals 319
12.9 Lunar Communications Infrastructure 323
12.10 Physical Hazards 327
12.11 Conclusion 332
Reading List 332
References 333
13 Mars 339Xue Xiaopeng and Stephen W. Cheung
13.1 Introduction 339
13.2 About Mars 340
13.3 Settling on Mars 348
13.4 Three Recent Missions 355
13.5 Future Human Missions to Mars 367
13.6 Transportation and Communications on Mars 381
13.7 Best Regions to Land 383
13.8 Conclusion 385
Reading List 387
References 387
14 Space Debris 395
14.1 Introduction 395
14.2 Origin of the Space Debris 397
14.3 Space Debris Management 398
14.4 Debris Remediation 400
14.5 Recycling 413
14.6 Removing Debris with Lasers 415
14.7 Space Situational Awareness 417
14.8 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Debris Removal 418
14.9 Conclusion 421
Reading List 422
References 423
15 Looking Ahead 427
15.1 LEO and Beyond 427
15.2 Below LEO for Further Commercialization 428
Reading List 432
References 433
Index 435
2022 was a record year for space launches 180 rockets lifted off successfully with SpaceX driving the pace
Nature, 11 November 2023 [1]
Elon Musk's Starship booster captured in world first
BBC News, 13 October 2024 [2]
How the Inspiration4 Mission Fits Into the Long History of Civilian Space Travel
Time Magazine, 9 August 2021 [3]
Jeff Bezos reaches space on Blue Origin's first crewed launch
CNBC, 20 July 2021 [4]
Space launch is now routine and rarely makes headline news. We have come a long way since the 1950s.
In 1945, British Royal Air Force officer and later famous writer Sir Arthur Clarke suggested a "rocket station" orbiting the Earth at an altitude of about 36,000?km above Earth's surface, which would move at the same rotational speed as the Earth. The altitude suggested by Clarke, now known as geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO), would become the de facto orbit for communications satellites for decades.
The space race began in the 1950s between the two superpowers, the United States and the (former) Soviet Union. Sending astronauts and spacecraft into space and going to the Moon were central themes of the race. In 1962, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company launched the world's first active communications satellite, Telstar-1, to test communications via space. Since then, satellites of various applications have been conceived and launched in different orbits.
Today, we routinely cheer on professional sports on television broadcasts via satellite. Thousands of satellites now orbit our planet. Much of the current space industry is about satellites. Space stations such as the International Space Station (ISS) and China's Tiangong, as well as their predecessors, are also orbiting Earth in low orbit.
The thundering sound of a rocket lifting off remain just as intoxicating to space enthusiasts. Now these enthusiasts have the added excitement of the rocket boosters nailing perfect vertical landings on drone ships several hundred kilometers downrange. In October 2024, the world witnessed the huge Super Heavy booster caught by a pair of "chopsticks" on the launch tower in the Starship Integrated Flight Test #5. Another new chapter on reusable rockets began.
Countries have active programs to land humans on the Moon, with the intention of extended stays and establishing a long-term presence. We can envision the Moon as just the beginning of our civilization stepping outside of our planet.
Space benefits us on Earth in many ways. From early explorations to the numerous satellites now serving different purposes, feeding our economy, we simply cannot live without space.
Going to space serves several purposes:
Purposes 1) and 2) are tied to society's economic well-being and our quality of life. Purpose 3) is a platform that prepares humans to leave Earth. Purpose 4) has been in our DNA since humanity first gazed at the sky and wondered what was up there.
Expanding on Purpose 2), the natural resources on Earth are rapidly depleting while demand continues to rise. By the end of the 21st century, the supply of fossil fuels will likely run out, at least becoming too expensive to extract. Energy and raw materials are always needed to produce goods and services for citizens to keep up with our standard of living. The search for new sources of energy and materials has never been more pressing. Space is a viable option. The solar system has an infinite supply of energy and materials for our use for many centuries. The Sun is a super nuclear fusion reactor. The Moon has raw materials similar to Earth, and some of which are absent in Earth. Asteroids are a potential threat to Earth's safety but are also a rich source of raw materials.
The perspectives above imply that space is more than for exploration. Some applications are ready to scale up. Commercial interests need to participate to bring these efforts to an industrial scale. Commercialization is an integral part of the New Space era and the emerging space economy. Twenty-first-century space is a combination of exploration and industrialization. To commercialize and industrialize space, we need space infrastructure.
Governments recognize the need to change their roles in space to facilitate participation by the private sector. Governments will continue to support exploratory missions. They have changed from being in the driver seat controlling space agendas to being paying customers. They allow the private sector to build up the infrastructure where commercialization is ready.
This book covers a range of topics that are happening in the New Space era. We focus on applications such as reusable rockets and asteroid mining. The topics show commercial promises.
The book targets audiences with some background in STEM. New Space topics are explained in simple terms using very few equations and without engineering details. Our purpose is to convey insights and further readers' interest in the subject.
The New Space era is characterized by the changing role of governments, commercialization and expanding applications. Going to space is democratized in countries large and small; commercial firms, and educational institutions can all participate.
Commercialization nurtures the growth of a space economy to serve the public at large and not just government agendas. It begins with orbits close to Earth, known as the low Earth orbit (LEO), as it is the "front door" to space. LEO is the volume of space between 200 and 2,000?km above sea level. This volume of space is buzzing with space activities because all space launches must go through it, and most satellites operate there.
The New Space economy begins with space ventures in LEO that benefit users on Earth. Examples of innovative use of technologies include miniaturized satellites and reusable rockets. These innovations drive down the costs of access to space and space missions, which in turn drive up the number of missions and participation by nations that would otherwise not have joined the space community. Affordable access increases space activities such as the demand for launch vehicles and services. More space missions translate to increased commercial opportunities and therefore strengthen the space ecosystem on Earth.
New Space is also about accessing large amounts of space resources. These resources will help address serious shortages facing humanity on Earth. In the long run, it is envisioned that humans will establish settlements in orbital spacecraft and on neighboring celestial bodies such as the Moon and Mars. These settlements will develop new technologies to extract materials for their survival and "export" them back to Earth and other space communities.
To a space enthusiast, space is the only option for civilization's long-term survival. There is no reason to limit our existence to planet Earth. We could be a spacefaring civilization traveling to or settling on other celestial bodies in the solar system and beyond.
In summary, the New Space era paves the way to transition from space exploration of the 20th century to one of proliferation of space.
Chapters in this book often examine three infrastructures to be built in space: transportation, energy, and information. Rockets and space stations are examples of space transportation infrastructure. Transportation delivers humans and cargo from Earth to different orbits and other celestial bodies. Everything begins with the cost of access. Low transportation cost translates to affordable access to space and more users.
Satellites are part of the space information infrastructure. Present space information infrastructure primarily serves Earth users. This space infrastructure needs to expand beyond Earths orbits to cover deep space exploration and future space settlements.
Space energy infrastructure has not yet been developed. Energy powers an economy. Capitalizing on energy and energy-producing materials from space will be a major part of the space economy.
Space infrastructures connect space communities of the future. That is what space commerce is about. Currently, we have a handful of space stations, the Moon, and Mars as potential communities. We need more man-made destinations in space. More destinations raise the demand for transportation, energy, and information infrastructure.
Initially, the new destinations will be in LEO. Commercial space stations, warehouses, hotels, factories, and universities alike can be in LEO and higher orbits in the Cislunar space (see below).
Payload refers to crew and cargo. High payload capacity is most desirable. For example, a jetliner has large passenger and cargo capacity. For commercialization to proliferate, more payloads should be delivered in one launch to keep the average cost per unit weight low. High payload capacity requires more lifting power from rockets.
High...
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